Download Site A3850-Species Identification Guide

Species Identification Guide-By site and plot
Site: A=Alpine 3850 m
Plot: OTC warming by chambers
Polygonum viviparum Linnaeus
Carex
potentila
Artemisia flaccida Handel-Mazzetti
Soroseris hookeriana Stebbins
Ligusticum scapiforme H. Wolff
Plot: C= Control
Carex
Polygonum viviparum Linnaeus
Ligusticum scapiforme H. Wolff
Potentilla leuconota D. Don
Saussurea globosa Chen in Bull
Geranium pylzowianum Maximowicz
Plot: O= Home Transplant
Polygonum viviparum Linnaeus
Ligusticum scapiforme H. Wolff
Carex
Fragaria orientalis Losinskaja
Potentilla leuconota D. Don
Poa polycolea Stapf
Plot: 1,3= Move down
Carex
Polygonum viviparum Linnaeus
Festuca ovina Linnaeus
Geranium pylzowianum Maximowicz
Potentilla leuconota D. Don
Hemiphragma heterophyllum Wallich
Plot: 2,4= Move Up
Carex
Polygonum viviparum Linnaeus
Ligusticum scapiforme H. Wolff
Poa polycolea Stapf
Potentilla leuconota D. Don
All species descriptions are from: Flora of China
http://www.floraofchina.org/
41. Polygonum viviparum Linnaeus
珠芽拳参 zhu ya quan shen
Herbs perennial. Rhizomes black-brown, contorted, large, 1-2 cm in
diam. Stems usually 2 or 3 from rhizome, erect, 15-60 cm tall, simple.
Basal leaves long petiolate; leaf blade linear, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong,
3-10 × 0.2-3 cm, leathery, base rounded or cuneate, margin slightly
involute, apex acute. Cauline leaves shortly petiolate or subsessile; leaf
blade lanceolate smaller than basal ones; ocrea: lower part green, upper
part brown, tubular, oblique, membranous, not ciliate. Inflorescence
terminal, spicate, lower part with bulbils; bracts ovate, membranous.
Perianth white or pinkish, 5-parted; tepals broadly elliptic, 2-3 mm.
Stamens usually 8. Styles 3, connate at base. Achenes included in
persistent perianth, dark brown, shiny, ovoid, trigonous, ca. 2 mm. Fl.
May-Jul, fr. Jul-Sep. 2n = ca. 12*.
Forest margins, grassy slopes, alpine steppes; 1200-5100 m. Gansu,
Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol,
Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan
[Bhutan, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia,
Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Sikkim, Tajikistan, Thailand; SW Asia, Europe,
North America].
33. Carex Linnaeus Sp. Pl. 2: 972. 1753.
薹草属 tai cao shu
Authors:Authors: Lun-Kai Dai, Prof. Song-Yun Liang, Shuren Zhang,
Yancheng Tang, Tetsuo Koyama & Gordon C. Tucker
Carex esquirolii H. Léveillé & Vaniot, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 53: 315.
1906.
No specimens were seen by the present authors. The plant, a member of
Carex subg. Vignea, cannot be confidently associated with any known
species based on the description. The type is from Guizhou.
Carex polycephala Boott var. simplex Kükenthal in Handel-Mazzetti, Symb.
Sin. 7: 1268. 1936.
No specimens were seen by the present authors. The type is from Yunnan.
Herbs, perennial; rhizome usually stoloniferous. Culms tufted or sparse,
lateral or central, erect, trigonous, bladeless sheathed at base. Leaves
basal or basal and cauline, flat, rarely involute or revolute on margins,
linear or lorate, rarely lanceolate, sheathed at base. Involucral bracts
leaflike, rarely scale-shaped or setaceous, sheathed or not. Flowers
unisexual, 1 male flower or 1 female flower in a unisexual spikelet, female
spikelet included by prophyll, prophyll wholly connate at margins into
utricle, sometimes reduced spikelet axis present in utricle, with scalelike
bractlet at base. Spikes 1 to numerous, usually numerous spikes arranged
in spicate, racemose, or paniculate inflorescence, composed of many
unisexual or bisexual spikes, bisexual spike androgynous or
gynaecandrous, usually plants monoecious, rarely dioecious, pedunculate
or sessile, with or without sheathlike or utriculiform cladoprophyll at base;
male flower with (2 or)3 stamens, filaments distinct; female flower with 1
pistil, style slightly slender, persistent or deciduous, base usually not
thickened; stigmas 2 or 3. Utricles trigonous, plano-convex or biconvex,
with slightly long or short beak. Nutlets rather tightly or loosely enveloped
in utricle, trigonous or plano-convex.
About 2,000 species: cosmopolitan; 527 species (260 endemic) in three
subgenera and 69 sections (two endemic) in China.
35. Potentilla Linnaeus
委陵菜属 wei ling cai shu
Authors:Li Chaoluan (Li Chao-luang); Hiroshi Ikeda, Hideaki Ohba
Herbs perennial, rarely biennial, annual, or shrubs, if perennial then
with ± tufted, scaly rootstock. Stems erect, ascending, or prostrate.
Leaves pinnate or palmately compound; stipules ± adnate to petiole.
Inflorescence often cymose or cymose-paniculate, or 1-flowered. Flowers
usually bisexual. Hypanthium concave, mostly hemispheric. Sepals 5,
valvate; epicalyx segments 5, alternating with sepals. Petals 5, often
yellow, rarely white or purple. Stamens usually ca. 20 in 3 series of 10, 5,
and 5, rarely fewer or more (11–30); anthers 2-loculed. Carpels usually
numerous, free, inserted on slightly elevated receptacle; ovule ascending
or pendulous, anatropous, amphitropous, or suborthotropous; style
subterminal, lateral, or basal. Achenes numerous, inserted on dry
receptacle with persistent sepals. Seed testa membranous. x = 7.
About 500 species: mostly in temperate, arctic, and alpine zones of the N
hemisphere, a few in the S hemisphere; 86 species (22 endemic) in China.
133. Artemisia flaccida Handel-Mazzetti Acta Horti Gothob. 12: 278. 1938.
垂叶蒿 chui ye hao
Herbs, perennial, 30-75 cm tall, puberulent or glabrescent.
Lowermost and middle stem leaves shortly petiolate or ± sessile; leaf blade
ovate, ovate-elliptic, or elliptic, 3-4(-10) × 3-6 cm, abaxially densely gray
pubescent, adaxially puberulent or glabrescent, 2- or 3-pinnatisect;
segments 3-5 pairs, ovate-elliptic or oblong; lobules elliptic-lanceolate,
oblanceolate, or linear-oblanceolate, occasionally falcate-lanceolate, 2-15
× 1-4 mm, margin entire or serrate; rachis narrowly winged. Uppermost
leaves and leaflike bracts 1- or 2-pinnatisect, very reduced within racemes.
Synflorescence a conical panicle, sometimes very lax; branches to 3 cm (to
6 cm in cultivation). Capitula rather few, somewhat clustered toward
branch apex, mostly subsessile. Involucre broadly ovoid or nearly
hemispheric, 2.5-3.5(-4) mm in diam. Marginal female florets 6-12. Disk
florets 10-23, bisexual. Achenes oblong or ovoid-oblong. Fl. and fr. AugNov.
● Grasslands, hills, roadsides, forest margins, forests; low elevations to
4100 m. W Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan.
Soroseris hookeriana Stebbins
38. Ligusticum scapiforme H. Wolff
抽葶藁本 chou ting gao ben
Plants 5–30 cm. Root cylindrical, elongate, branched. Stems 2–3,
unbranched, subscapose, base clothed in fibrous remnant sheaths. Basal
petioles 2–3 cm; blade oblong-lanceolate, 3–5 × 2–3 cm, 2–3-pinnate,
primary pinnae 4–5(–10) pairs; ultimate segments linear to lanceolate, 2–3
× 0.5–1 mm. Cauline leaves absent or occasionally 1, reduced. Umbels
terminal, 3–6 cm wide, pilose at base; bracts 1–3, linear, pinnate or apex
3-lobed, rarely entire; rays (7–)9–15, unequal, 1–3 cm; bracteoles 8–10,
1–2-pinnate or apex 3-lobed, ca. equaling umbellules. Calyx teeth
conspicuous. Petals white or purplish, obovate, base shortly clawed. Styles
ca. equaling stylopodium. Fruit oblong-ovoid, 4–5 × 3–4 mm; dorsal and
intermediate ribs filiform, lateral ribs winged; vittae 1–4 in each furrow, 4–
6(–8) on commissure. Seed face plane. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Sep–Oct.
Coniferous forests, montane thickets, grassland at forest margins, alpine
scrub and meadows, river banks; 2700–4800 m. W Sichuan, S Xizang, NW
Yunnan.
This species has reputed medicinal value. The original description and a
cited isotype of Ligusticummaxonianum (Yunnan: Lijiang, J. F. Rock 10380,
E) possess a combination of characters in common with L.scapiforme.
27. Potentilla leuconota D. Don
银叶委陵菜 yin ye wei ling cai
Herbs perennial. Flowering stems 10–45 cm tall, together with
petioles appressed or slightly spreading villous. Radical leaves 2.5–25 cm
including petiole; auricles of stipules connate from base to middle, apex
acute; leaf blade interrupted (rarely non-interrupted) pinnate with 6–18
pairs of leaflets; terminal leaflet ovate to elliptic, or oblong, 0.5–3 × 0.3–
1.5 cm, abaxially densely appressed silvery or yellowish sericeous, or
sparsely strigose, base decurrent in apical 2 or 3 pairs of leaflets, margin
4- to many serrate, teeth acute or acuminate; cauline leaves 1 or 2,
resembling radical ones; auricles of stipules herbaceous, margin lacerate or
parted. Inflorescence compactly pseudoumbellate, with leaflike involucre.
Flowers 5–8 mm in diam.; pedicel 1.5–2 cm, densely appressed white
villous. Epicalyx segments lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, abaxially
densely white villous. Petals yellow, obovate, apex rounded. Style lateral.
Achenes not seen. Fl. and fr. May–Nov.
Forests, meadows on mountain slopes, stream banks, cliffs; 2200--4600
m. Hubei, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar,
Nepal, Sikkim].
Saussurea globosa Chen in Bull
24. Geranium pylzowianum Maximowicz
甘青老鹳草 gan qing lao guan cao
Geranium orientalitibeticum R. Knuth.
Perennials. Rootstock tubercles subglobose, 3.7-6.9(-17.5) × 2.4-7
mm, with nontuberous separations 0.6-5.2 cm, 0.4-0.8 mm in diam.,
without thickened roots. Stem 8-29(-48) cm tall, erect, not rooting at
nodes, with 0.2-0.5 mm retrorse to appressed nonglandular trichomes and
usually 0.5-1.6 mm patent glandular trichomes. Stipules lanceolate to
ovate, distinct. Leaves 1 alternate but opposite at inflorescence; petiole
with 0.2-0.6 mm retrorse to appressed nonglandular trichomes and
sometimes 0.5-1.2 mm patent glandular trichomes; leaf blade 1.5-5.1 cm,
palmately cleft, ratio of main sinus/middle segment length = 0.77-0.95,
pilose with appressed nonglandular trichomes; segments 5, rhombic to
obtriangular, 1.2-4.3 mm wide at base, 3-8-lobed in distal half, ratio of
second sinus/middle segment length = 0.26-0.46. Cymules solitary, 2flowered; peduncle 4-10.3(-15.5) cm. Pedicel 2.7-5.9(-7) cm, with 0.2-0.6
mm retrorse to appressed nonglandular trichomes; bracteoles lanceolate.
Sepals 7.1-10.9 mm, mucro 0.7-1.2 mm, ratio of mucro/sepal length =
0.08-0.15, outside with 0.5-1 mm antrorse to patent nonglandular
trichomes, inside glabrous. Petals deep rose pink with a whitish base, 1.61.8 cm, erect to patent, outside glabrous, inside basally with trichomes,
margin basally ciliate, apex rounded or rarely emarginate with a 0.2-0.3
mm notch. Staminal filaments distally pink but paler at base, lanceolate,
abaxially pilose and proximal half ciliate, trichomes 0.3-0.9 mm; anthers
whitish tinged with blue, 1.7-2.4 mm. Nectaries 5, hemispheric, glabrous.
Stigma pink to orangish red. Fruit 2.3-2.9 cm, erect when immature;
mericarps smooth, with a basal callus, with 0.3-1.1 mm erect to patent
nonglandular trichomes; rostrum 1.6-2.2 cm, with a 1.6-4.5 mm narrowed
apex; stigmatic remains 2.8-3.5 mm. Seeds 1.7-2.2 mm. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr.
Sep-Oct. 2n = 28*.
● Coniferous forest margins, subalpine meadows, alpine meadows; 25005000 m. S Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, S Shaanxi, W Sichuan, E Xizang, N
Yunnan.
Geranium orientalitibeticum has been recognized by its broad leaf blade
segments, petals with a paler base, and longer stigmatic remains. These
features are included in the variability of G. pylzowianum. The latter has
usually 1(or 2) alternate leaves along the stem and some opposite at the
inflorescence. In some specimens, cauline leaves are all opposite, and then
the inflorescence is branched from the basal node monochasially. Geranium
donianum and G. farreri are quite similar in appearance but with rootstock
without tubers and leaves always opposite. Additionally, in G. pylzowianum
there are glandular trichomes on the stem base, stipule base, or
inflorescence.
The whole plant is used as a local medicine for pharyngitis and cough.
2. Fragaria orientalis Losinskaja
东方草莓 dong fang cao mei
Fragaria corymbosa Losinskaja; F. uniflora Losinskaja.
Herbs perennial, 5–30 cm tall. Stems together with petioles
spreading pilose, more densely so in upper parts, sometimes glabrescent.
Leaf blade 3-foliolate; leaflets subsessile, abaxially greenish, adaxially
green, obovate or rhombic-ovate, 1–5 × 0.8–3.5 cm, abaxially pilose,
more densely so on veins, adaxially sparsely pilose, base cuneate on
central leaflet, oblique on lateral ones, margin incised serrate, apex
rounded or acute. Inflorescence corymbiform, (1 or)2–5(or 6)-flowered,
with a pale green or petiolate, leafletlike bract at base. Flowers bisexual,
rarely unisexual, 1–1.5 cm in diam.; pedicel 0.5–1.5 cm, spreading pilose.
Sepals ovate-lanceolate, apex caudate; epicalyx segments linearlanceolate, occasionally 2-fid. Petals white, suborbicular, base tapering into
a short claw. Stamens 18–22, subequal. Carpels numerous. Aggregate fruit
ripening purple, hemispheric; persistent sepals spreading or slightly
reflexed. Achenes ovoid, ca. 0.5 mm wide, prominently rugose or only so
at base. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Jul–Sep. 2n = 28.
Forests, meadows on mountain slopes; 600--4000 m. Gansu, Hebei,
Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi [Korea,
Mongolia, E Russia].
18. Poa polycolea Stapf
多鞘早熟禾 duo qiao zao shu he
Poa chalarantha Keng ex L. Liu; P. gilgitica DickorΘ; P. lithophila Keng ex
L. Liu; P. maerkangica L. Liu; P. triglumis Keng ex L. Liu.
Perennials, loosely to densely tufted, often shortly stoloniferous or
rhizomatous; shoots extra- and intravaginal. Culms erect, decumbent, or
ascending, usually several per tuft, 10–60(–75) cm tall, 0.5–1 mm in
diam., smooth, nodes 1–3, 1 or 2 exserted, uppermost usually 1/4–1/3
way up. Lowermost leaf sheaths closely overlapping, straw colored, often
somewhat thickly papery and persistent, not or only slightly fibrous, lower
and middle sheaths 1–1.3(–1.5) mm wide distally, with distinct closely
spaced ribs, membranous between ribs, smooth or scabrid, sometimes
retrorsely hispidulous, uppermost smooth, glabrous, 4–20 cm, 1/2–4 × as
long as blade, closed for ca. 1/2 of length; blade flat or folded with inrolled
margins, thin, 2–10(–20) cm × 0.8–1.5(–2.5) mm, abaxially often shiny,
smooth, ribs distinct, margins finely scabrid, adaxially smooth or sparsely
scabrid, glabrous or strigose, of tillers with margins inrolled, to 20(–30)
cm, adaxially smooth or scabrid, glabrous or pilulose to strigose, visible
veins 5–9 including keel; lower ligules 0.1–0.5 mm, adaxially smooth or
scabrid, apex truncate, glabrous or ciliolate, upper to 0.5–1(–2.2) mm,
apex truncate to obtuse, collar margins abruptly flared, smooth or scabrid,
glabrous or lower ones ciliate to strigose. Panicle open, erect or diffuse, 5–
15(–20) × 2–9 cm, longest internodes 1–3(–3.5) cm; branches spreading
to reflexed, 2–5 per node, capillary, usually angled, scabrid, longest 3–9
cm with 2–9 spikelets in distal 1/3–1/2. Spikelets lanceolate, green or
purple tinged, 4–7 mm, florets 2–4(–5), commonly female, sometimes
whole inflorescence female; vivipary absent; rachilla internodes 0.7–1.6
mm, smooth or slightly bumpy, or scabrid, usually visible laterally; glumes
membranous-papery, generally shiny, keel and veins scabrid, surface
smooth (rarely slightly scabrid distally), apex acute to acuminate, lower
glume subulate, 1.5–3(–4) mm, 1/3–1/2 as wide as upper, 1(or 3)-veined,
upper glume elliptic, 3–4(–5) mm, 3-veined; lemmas lanceolate, very
thinly papery, 3–5(–5.5) mm, keel straight, 5(or 7)-veined, margins
membranous, apex acute to acuminate, glabrous, or keel sparsely pilulose
to shortly villous for 2/3 of length, marginal veins for 1/2 of length,
intermediate veins conspicuous, area between them smooth or sparsely
scabrid, glabrous or basally pilulose; callus usually sparsely webbed, hairs
less than 1/2 as long as lemma; paleas smooth, minutely bumpy, or
scabrid, glabrous or pilulose between keels, keels scabrid, sometimes
medially pilulose. Anthers (2–)2.3–3 mm, or vestigial. Fl. and fr. Jun–Aug.
Common in alpine rocky slopes, mountain slopes, meadows among
thickets, coniferous, Quercus, and Larix forests on slopes; 3000–5000 m.
Qinghai, W Sichuan, SW Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [Afghanistan, Bhutan,
India, Nepal, Pakistan].
Poa polycolea is a distinctive and common species of the upper mountains
from west to east along the Himalayas, extending northward through
Hengduan Shan. It has slender culms and blades, short ligules, and long
anthers, or florets, spikelets, or inflorescences that are female. It is quite
variable in floret vestiture, and in the east it grades toward P. asperifolia,
which has stouter culms with more raised nodes and longer leaf blades and
ligules, and P. tangii, which has softer leaves and smooth branches,
broader first glumes, and more often blunt lemmas. Infrequently some
spikelets have an additional sterile bract above the 2 normal glumes as in
the type of P. triglumis.
47. Festuca ovina Linnaeus
羊茅 yang mao
Plant densely tufted; shoots intravaginal. Culms 10–60 cm tall; node
1. Leaf sheaths glabrous or basal leaf sheaths occasionally with trichomes;
auricles present as erect swellings or absent; leaf blades filiform,
conduplicate, (3–)8–25 cm × 0.3–0.6 mm, margins usually scabrid, veins
5(–7); adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma strands absent, abaxial
sclerenchyma in a continuous ring; ligule (0.1–)0.2–0.5 mm, margin
ciliate. Panicle contracted, narrow, 2–8 cm; branches (0.5–)1–2 cm, 1 at
lowest node. Spikelets 4–6 mm, greenish, purplish or brown; florets 3–6;
glumes glabrous or scabrid below apex; lower glume narrowly lanceolate to
lanceolate, 1.8–2.8 mm; upper glume lanceolate or broadly lanceolate,
2.8–3.5 mm; rachilla internodes 0.8–1 mm; lemmas 3–4(–5) mm,
punctiform or scabrid; awns 0.5–2 mm; palea keels scabrid. Anthers 1.5–
2.2 mm. Ovary apex glabrous. Fl. and fr. Jun–Sep.
Alpine meadows, steppe, grassy places in forests; 1600–4400 m. Anhui,
Gansu, Guizhou, Jiangsu (cultivated), Jilin, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai,
Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan,
Korea, Mongolia, Russia; SW Asia (Caucasus), Europe, North America].
This is an extremely polymorphic species with a natural distribution
throughout temperate and cold parts of the N hemisphere. It provides good
forage on poor upland soils. Numerous variants have been recognized at
infraspecific rank, often from different habitats and based on small
differences in pubescence, size, proportion of vegetative and floral parts,
and other characters. The name Festuca airoides Lamarck, a European
segregate, has been applied to plants from the F. ovina complex in China.
Festuca ovina and related species (nos. 43–47) can be distinguished from
members of the F. rubracomplex as follows: plants densely tufted, without
rhizomes; young leaf sheaths with free, overlapping margins; shoots
intravaginal; leaf blades with only midrib or also two lateral ribs well
defined; leaf sclerenchyma a continuous or broken subepidermal band, or 3
broad strands at midrib and margins.
1. Hemiphragma heterophyllum Wallich
鞭打绣球 bian da xiu qiu
Perennials. Leaves on main stems with petiole 2-5(-10) mm or
sometimes subsessile; leaf blade orbicular, cordate, or reniform, 0.5-2 cm,
base truncate, subcordate, or cuneate, margin serrately 2-7-toothed, apex
obtuse to acuminate, veins inconspicuous. Leaves on branches crowded,
needlelike, sometimes linear-lanceolate upward, 3-5 mm. Flowers
subsessile or short pedicelled. Calyx lobes narrowly triangular-lanceolate,
3-5 mm, subequal. Corolla white or rose, ca. 6 mm; tube short
campanulate; lobes 5, orbicular to oblong, subequal, sometimes
transparently punctate. Filaments filiform, adnate to corolla tube; anther
locules apically confluent. Style ca. 1 mm. Capsule red, ovoid to globose,
berrylike, fleshy, shiny, 5-6(-10) mm. Seeds pale yellow-brown, ovoid, to 1
mm. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Jun-Aug.
Alpine grassland, rock crevices, among herbs; 2600-4100 m. Gansu,
Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan
[Bhutan, India, Indonesia (Sulawesi), Nepal, Philippines, Sikkim].