Download Review of Basic Biology

Review of
Basic Biology
I. Biochemistry
A. Macromolecules of Life
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids (DNA)
I. Biochemistry
• Carbohydrates
– made up of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio
– Examples are sugars – glucose C6H12O6
• Lipids
– Do not dissolve in water – nonpolar
– Examples include vegetable oil, olive oil,
beeswax, earwax, and nailpolish
– Fats and Steroids are 2 types of Lipids
I. Biochemistry
• Proteins
– Are made up of Amino Acids
• There are 20 different AAs that produce all
the proteins in organisms.
• They are arranged in many different
sequences
– Proteins make up Enzymes which are
biological catalysts – so they help
chemical reactions in the body go faster
I. Biochemistry
• Nucleic Acids
– Are long chains of small, repeating
subunits called nucleotides
• Nucleotide = 5-C sugar, phosphate group,
and a nitrogen-containing base
– Function is to store genetic information
– Examples include DNA and RNA
II. Metabolism
A.Photosynthesis –
B. Chemosynthesis
C. Cellular Respiration
III. Cell Biology
Cell Theory
1. All living things are composed of one
or more cells.
2. In Organisms, cells are the basic
unit of structure and function.
3. Cells are produced only from existing
cells.
III. Cell Biology
Formation of the Cell Theory
Matthias Schleiden – cells compose
every part of plants
Theodor Schwann – cells compose every
part of animals
Rudolph Virchow – cells come only from
other cells
III. Cell Biology
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic
Simple single celled
organisms
Eukaryotic
Either single or
multicellular organisms
Lack internal membrane- Have membrane-bound
bound organelles
organelles
No nucleus
Have a nucleus
Types of Eukaryotic Cells
• Somatic vs Gamete
– Somatic Cells are all body cells excluding
sex cells
– Gametes are sex cells
• Plant vs Animal
– Plant cells have chloroplasts, a central
vacuole, and a cell wall – Animals do not
– Animal cells have centrioles – Plants do
not
III. Cell Biology
A. Organelles
– Cell membrane
– Cell wall
– Nucleus
– Mitochondria
– Chloroplasts
– Cilia/Flagella
IV. Genetics
DNA vs RNA
DNA
RNA
Double Stranded
Single Stranded
Sugar = Deoxyribose
Sugar = Ribose
Bases = A, T, G, C
Bases = A, U, G, C
Forms Chromosomes
Forms mRNA, tRNA,
and rRNA
Cannot Leave the
Nucleus
Can Leave the Nucleus
V. Levels of Organization
• Molecular ->(atom – smallest unit of matter)
• Cellular ->(smallest functional unit of life)
• Tissues -> a group of cells that perform a
similar function
• Organs ->
a collection of tissues joined to
serve a common function
• Organ Systems ->Two or more organs
working together in the execution of a specific body
function
Levels of
Organization
• Organisms ->
• Populations ->
• Communities ->
• Ecosystem ->
• Biosphere
VI. Diffusion &
Osmosis
• Diffusion
• Semi-permeable membranes
• Osmosis
– Osmoconformers
– Osmoregulators
VII. Temperature
• Endothermic organisms
regulate temperature
internally
Examples of endotherms:
cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians.
• Exothermic organisms
temperature regulated by
external environment
VIII. Classification
• Seven major taxa:
– Kingdom
– Phylum
– Class
– Order
– Family
– Genus
– Species
Classification
• Binomial Nomenclature
– Genus species
ex. Homo sapiens
• Five major Kingdoms
– Kingdom
– Kingdom
– Kingdom
– Kingdom
– Kingdom
Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia