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Traditional Medicine-2015 Birmingham, UK August 03 – 05, 2015 Prem P. Rai Research and Development in Papua New Guinea Traditional Medicine Prem P. Rai1, Teatulohi Matainaho1 and Louis R. Barrows2 1University of Papua New Guinea, 2University of Utah 3rd International Conference and Exhibition on Traditional & Alternative Medicine, August 03-05, 2015; Birmingham, U.K. Where on Earth is PNG? Population: 7.2 million 3 4 Outline Background Biodiversity in PNG PNG Government Policy on Traditional Medicine Establishment of Traditional Medicine Database Drug Discovery Programme Research initiatives and overseas collaborations Herbal Product Development Future Prospects and conclusion 5 PNG- A Mega-Biodiversity Hub PNG is the 4th mega-bio diverse country in the world 70% covered by tropical rainforest Covers less than 1% world land mass but contains more than 5% biodiversity 30 million hectares of closed tropical forests; ranks 9th among the most forested tropical countries of the world Native flora contains an estimated 20, 000 species of vascular plants 6 PNG is richly diversified in languages, culture, customs and traditions, people and native flora and fauna. It is one of the ‘last frontiers’ 7 PNG- A Mega-Biodiversity Hub Poor knowledge of the Flora of PNG Many species are very local and probably rare and endangered Scientists estimate that more than half of the plants and animals found in PNG have yet to be scientifically named (Ref: PNG’s 4th National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2010) 8 Background Papua New Guinea (PNG) is one of the most biologically diverse places on earth. It is estimated that 15,000 to 20,000 individual species of vascular plants may be found in PNG; most of these are endemic. Population is largely rural, modern health facilities limited However, a rich tradition of herbal medicine and medicinal plants use exists. A well over 50% of the population relying exclusively on traditional herbal medicine for health care 9 Outline Background PNG Government Policy on Traditional Medicine Establishment of Traditional Medicine Database Drug Discovery Programme Research initiatives and overseas collaborations Herbal Product Development Future Prospects and conclusion 10 PNG NATIONAL POLICY ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE Traditional Medicine Programme was included in the National Health Plan since 2001 Policy approved in 2007 The policy aims to incorporate traditional medicine in the primary health care system. 11 Traditional Medicine Policy Traditional medical knowledge has been largely oral, and one of the early tasks was to undertake a systematic and comprehensive documentation of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine practiced in communities across the nation. This work has lead to establishment of traditional medicine database, with detailed account of over 4500 traditional preparations from approximately 850 plant species. The database is first of its kind in the South Pacific Region 12 PNG Traditional Medicine Database A national repository of medicinal plants usage in PNG. Established in 2000 as a joint initiative between National Dept. of Health and University of Papua New Guinea 13 PNG Traditional Medicine Database Primary Objective To serve as repository of indigenous knowledge in traditional medicine. To identify safe and effective traditional medicine practices and promote their usage in the community. To select promising herbs and traditional medicines for scientific research 14 PNG Traditional Medicine Database 5000 4500 4000 3500 2006 2008 2009 2012 2014 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Preparations Plants Families Practitioners 15 Traditional Medicine in Papua New Guinea: Policy & Practices 16 17 Medicinal Plants in Papua New Guinea WHO Commissioned work (compiled and written by Prem P Rai and others) Published in 2009 18 19 20 21 Training of Traditional Healers in Primary Health Care and Quality Control of Herbal Medicines (over 800 traditional medicine healers undergone through the training) 22 t Traditional Healers of the Rural Health Management Course, Buka 23 Training Workshop for Herbalists in Quality Control of Herbal Medicines in Arawa (Bougainville), PNG 24 Outline Background PNG Government policy on Traditional Medicine Establishment of Traditional Medicine Database Drug Discovery Programme Research initiatives and overseas collaborations Herbal Product Development Future Prospects and conclusion 25 Translating Biodiversity into Knowledge and into Economics Knowledge Conservation Biodiversity Economics 26 Drug Discovery Programme Phytochemical analysis of PNG medicinal plants Determination of antibacterial activities of herbs used in respiratory and related conditions Standardization and validation of herbal medicines Medicinal plants screening for TB, HIV, Malaria Herbs and ART drug interaction 27 Medicinal Plants Screening Programs • • • • TB HIV Malaria Cytotoxicity Work is carried out in collaboration with University of Utah, USA 28 Extraction & Bioassay Facility in Drug Discovery Lab. Material Extraction Bacterial Culture Sample and Cell Storage & Extract Testing Under Expert Training 29 Plant Extraction, Pre-fractionation, Screening and Chemistry Extract with 150 mL MeOH 24 hrs 20 g sample material 30 mL onto 150 mg HP20 Dry sample in SpeedVac Dry load column Dissolve in DMSO Extract Plates Prefractionation – each methanol extract into 4 fractions 1 mg for HIV, TB, other microbes & cytotoxicity CMI2005:L H3 PNH05-3-056-F2_lib 162 (5.308) Cm (154:179) 711.2581 709.2602 % 100 712.2651 731.2449 113.0738 186.9391 734.2484 338.3413 631.3493 391.2806 429.2381 Dereplication & Prioritization 200 400 819.1830 823.1785 600 800 1097.3514 1000 1200 Dereplication Structure Determination Thanks T. Bugni, M.K. Harper, and M. Dindi 743.2240 0 LCMS fractionation 30 NMR Results HIV: 3581 Total Assays Done, 157 Active and Non-Toxic* Malaria: 2652 Total Assays Done, 68 Active and Non-Toxic TB: 3131 Total Assays Done, 144 Active and Non-Toxic * < 30% Growth Inhibition of human T- cells 31Pond, J. Thanks C.D. Andjelic, B. Cassun, C.D. Jensen, A.R. Pole & M. Koch Evodia (Melicope) elleryana • Used traditionally in Kurti region of Manus Island • Locally called Sehit • Water extract of bark used for cough and fever • Anti-TB activity documented activity CYTOTOXIC ASSAY TB-MTT ASAY 50ug/ml 5ug/ ml 50ug/ ml 5ug/ ml B-H A I A I B-E I I A I B-M A I I I L-H A I +/- L-E I I I I L-M +/- I I I S-H A I +/- S-E +/- I I I S-M I I I I L.R. Barrows, E. Powan, C.D. Pond and T. Matainaho Anti-TB activity of Evodia elleryana bark extract Fitoterapia 78, pg 250-252, 2007 32 Thanks E. Powan Standardization of Herbal Medicines & Cosmetics Thanks M. Bate, S. Louwhoff • Extraction of an analgesic/anti-inflammatory lichen preparation with hexanes atranorin and chloroatranorin as suitable marker compounds that accounted for >90% of the extract (NMR and HRMS) 3 2.5 Lichen Preparation Atranorin • Based on the published findings, Ms. Bate empirically adjusted the strength of her preparations to improve efficacy and reformulated her products using more cosmetically attractive ingredients including coconut oil 1.5 Chloroatranorin Lichen Hexane Extract 1 0.5 0 19 0 21 0 23 0 25 0 27 0 29 0 31 0 33 0 35 0 37 0 39 0 41 0 43 0 45 0 • Atranorin has been shown to block lipid peroxidation while exhibiting little cytotoxicity and have COX 1 inhibitory activity at high concentrations AU 2 Wavelength (nm) • Ms. Bate won first place at a new entrepreneur fair and has used ICBG data to support her marketing, she now distributes her product to outlets in Japan Bugni, T.S.; Andjelic, C.D.; Pole, A.R.; Rai, P.; Ireland, C.M.; Barrows, L.R. Fitoterapia. 2009; 80(5):270-3 33 Atranorin and Chloroatranorin PNG Medicinal Plants and HIV What is the basis of this project? 34 Papua New Guinea (PNG) has an established HIV epidemic. In PNG the infected population is predominately rural, where access to Western medicines is limited. PNG also has a rich tradition of medicinal plant use, a practice endorsed by government programs that catalog, validate and promote such use. Traditional healers in PNG are treating patients with HIV and AIDS symptoms, and herbal preparations are being promoted specifically for this use. Concern over the possible consequences of herbal use by people living with HIV prompted the current assessment of medicinal plants commonly used in PNG. 35 Results This report shows that some of the most commonly used medicinal plants in PNG have dramatic activity in models of drug interaction, HIV suppression and/or in models of activation of latent HIV. 36 Ageratum conyzoides (for diarrhoea and dysentery; used in form of decoction 37 I Alstonia scholaris in flowering season Traditional Uses: PNG - treatment of severe fevers, diarrhoea, dysentery, headaches; stomach ache; cough with SOB and painful breathing; TB, etc. Alstonia scholaris tree 38 Anti- HIV/AIDS plants (boosts immunity?) Carica papaya seeds cooked and eaten or Seeds boiled in water and solution drunk 39 A promising anti-HIV plant ? Viral load reduced substantially, and sustained Derris elliptica Poisonous root, source of rotenone used as plant insecticides. Root juice used as dynamite to kill fish in the coastal areas of PNG 40 Outline Background PNG Government policy on Traditional Medicine Establishment of Traditional Medicine Database Drug Discovery Programme Research initiatives and overseas collaborations Herbal Product Development Future Prospects and conclusion 41 Standardized herbal products development.... a new initiative in PNG 42 Local wisdom/ Traditional knowledge Potential plants Plant selection Extraction Chemical analysis Raw materials Ethnopharmacology Biological activity Product development Toxicology test Clinical studies Product safety test New drugs Marketing Health services Integrated research for R&D of herbal products 43 Outline Background PNG Government policy on Traditional Medicine Establishment of Traditional Medicine Database Drug Discovery Programme Research initiatives and overseas collaborations Herbal Product Development Future Prospects and conclusion 44 Conclusions Traditional medicine research and development efforts have accomplished much in PNG The Government plans to introduce “Herbal Medicine Act” – a legislative bill on regulatory requirements for manufacture and marketing of herbal products in PNG Drug discovery programme from PNG traditional herbs hold promise to yield good dividends 45 Thank You University of Papua New Guinea University of Utah 46 College of Pharmacy THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION ! 47 Meet the eminent gathering once again at Traditional Medicine-2016 London, UK October 03-05, 2016 Traditional Medicine-2016 Website: http://traditionalmedicine.conferenceseries.com/