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PHASMATODEA Stick and leaf insects Hexapod Orders Phasmatodea Phasma - phantom Number of Species 3,000 Common names Stick insects, leaf insects Typical habitats - arboreal, worldwide Distinguishing characteristics Other features -no ovipositor - no saltatorial hind legs --elongated prothorax -some show parthenogenesis -very cryptic -prolonged mating Features of Phasmatodea Hindlegs not saltatorial Elongate pronotum No ovipositor Reproduction - mating Reproduction - eggs operculum -mimic seed pods BLATTODEA Roaches Hexapod Orders Blattodea Blatta - roach Number of Species 4,000 Common names Roaches, cockroaches Typical habitats - damp, warm dark areas - tropical forests Distinguishing characteristics Other features -No ovipositor -No saltatorial hind legs -ootheca used in oviposition Distinguishing feature - Ootheca Modes of Reproduction Oviparous Ovoviviparous Viviparous MANTODEA Mantids Hexapod Orders Mantodea Mantid - soothsayer Number of Species 2.300 Common names Mantids Typical habitats - arboreal Distinguishing characteristics Other features -Predatory adaptations -ootheca used in oviposition Large eyes Freely moving head Predatory adaptations Elongated prothorax Raptorial forelegs Predatory adaptations Crypsis Predatory adaptations Crypsis Mantodea - reproduction Mantodea - reproduction Mantodea - reproduction ISOPTERA (termites) Hexapod Orders Isoptera Iso - equal, ptera - wings Number of Species 2.900 Common names Termites, white ants Typical habitats - fossorial, colonial Distinguishing characteristics Other features -Sociality -Castes -loss of ovipositor Termites Termite Castes King Queen Alates Soldier Worker Termite Life Cycle Supplemental reproductives Worker Soldier Reproductive nymph Alate (winged reproductive} Nymphs Eggs Wingless reproductive King Queen Fig. 3. Dorsal view of various castes in Glossotermes oculatus: (A) apterous immature; (B) female apterous neotenic; (C) nymph; and (D)female nymphoid neotenic. Fig. 2. Live individuals of Glossotermes oculatus, exposed after damage to the log housing the colony. S, soldiers; L, larva; other individuals are apterous immatures. Total length of an apterous immature, from mandibles to tip of abdomen, is about 3mm. How are castes determined? King Queen stimulates Produce male inhibitor proctodeal feeding Produce female inhibitor proctodeal feeding Male nymph Absorbs male inhibitor Passes female inhibitor Female nymph Absorbs female inhibitor Passes male inhibitor To other worker nymphs via mutual feeding Termite nests Termite nests Heat Regulation Path of sun General orientation of nest Termite Damage
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