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COMMUNICATION Communication is the transmission of a message from a sender to a receiver, which is understood by the sender as the receiver had intended 5/15/2017 Wk2_Lecture 2 Why study Communication? We live in a competitive world where effective writing and presenting skills are a strong competitive edge. Society and professionalism demands effective communicators. 5/15/2017 Wk2_Lecture 2 Communication Process Model SENDS MESSAGE RECEIVER SENDER ACKNOWLEDGES RECEIPT OF MESSAGE 5/15/2017 Wk2_Lecture 2 Three Models of the Communication process: Dances Helical Model 1967 (ref. Pinner 1999 pp3) Interpersonal communication Ending & receiving is spiraled Feedback from one communicator to another 5/15/2017 Wk2_Lecture 2 Interaction Model (1975) 5/15/2017 Wk2_Lecture 2 The Interaction Model – Source of information/sender Transmitter – device used to send message Signals – both from sender and receiver Noise – any disruption whether internal or external Receiver – recipient of message Destination – ultimate goal or action Feedback – most important is the response Two-way activity 5/15/2017 Wk2_Lecture 2 The Shannon-Weaver Model (Linear Model 1950s) Common to that of Interaction Model lacks feedback More of a one-way communication activity 5/15/2017 Wk2_Lecture 2 Transactional Model 5/15/2017 Wk2_Lecture 2 In the Transaction Model emphasis is on the message Sender and receiver are symbolized as Communicators Encode – select appropriate language Medium – channel or route selected Receive & Interpret – understand the language and message 5/15/2017 Wk2_Lecture 2 Communication Directions Vertical Diagonal Horizontal Vertical : Upward – Vertical : Downward – Performance Appraisals Attitudes Reports Suggestions Policies Procedures Job Instructions Feedback Horizontal : Diagonal : Task coordination Conflict resolution Sharing information Crossing parameters Inter-departmental 5/15/2017 Wk2_Lecture 2 Communication governed by social situations ROLES YOURSELF STATUS RULES 5/15/2017 Each person has a role to play in any given social situation This is guided by the status the role holds and therefore rules. These govern the person in communicating in each given situation Wk2_Lecture 2 Levels of Communication 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Intrapersonal: within yourself – thinking Interpersonal: 2 way, face to face e.g. conversations, discussions Mediated: 2 way, not face to face e.g. telephone, letter, report Person to group: 1 way, face to face e.g. lecture, sermon, giving a speech Mass communication: 1 way, not face to face e.g. print, electronic media. 5/15/2017 Wk2_Lecture 2 Communication Networks Affected by: •Number of people involved •Complexity of the message •Volume and urgency of message •Confidentiality of material 5/15/2017 Wk2_Lecture 2 Communication Networks B A C B C A D D E E Star network T-shaped network •Most efficient •Fewer errors made •Less time needed •Centralised leadership •Only A has high morale 5/15/2017 Wk2_Lecture 2 Communication Networks A B A B C C D E Circular E D Chain •No definite leader •Leadership rotates •High morale •Independent action and self expression •Best in changing environment 5/15/2017 Wk2_Lecture 2 Communication Networks A F G C B D I J H E Random/Grapevine networks carry rumor and some accurate information. They operate at very high speed but can give rise to distortions and Many heartaches. 5/15/2017 Wk2_Lecture 2 Conclusion: Communication is a vital skill in surviving in the workplace Ability to send clear effective messages To understand & interpret messages Be able to act on messages Gives you the edge in being an effective communicator. 5/15/2017 Wk2_Lecture 2