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MED 266: Pharmacology Chapter 44: Antiseptics and Disinfectants Worksheet Complete the following. 1. Antiseptics and disinfectants are used to control and prevent infection. Antiseptics and disinfectants destroy __________________________ on contact. 2. ________________________ is more frequently associated with the eradication or inhibition of microbial growth on living tissue surfaces 3. _______________________ reduce the risk of infection by destroying pathogenic microbes on nonliving surfaces. 4. The role of antiseptics and disinfectants: reduce ___________________ growth and contamination from exogenous (outside the body) sources and reduce the risk of _______________. 5. The objective of antisepsis and disinfection is to _______________________ the opportunity for microorganisms to enter the body in order to permit normal defense mechanisms to work. 6. _____________________ is the complete eradication of all microorganisms and spores. Sterilization can be achieved by using high-pressure steam for hours in specialized tanks called __________________. 7. Surfaces, whether walls, fingernails, or open wounds, must be thoroughly cleaned ___________ to using disinfectants or antiseptics. 8. Antiseptics are used to cleanse and ________________________ wounds, cuts, and abrasions; to prepare patients' _____________ prior to surgery or injection; and to prepare the surgical ______________ prior to surgery. 9. Disinfectants are used to clean and store surgical _____________________, to disinfect operating room walls and floors, and to sterilize (________ _____________________) objects that cannot tolerate the high temperatures associated with routine steam sterilization procedures. 10. The _____________________ elements are chlorine, fluorine, bromine, and iodine. The ones used most in antiseptics are ____________ and chlorine. Iodine is probably _____________________ to all other antiseptics for degerming the skin. Iodine is a rapid-acting, potent ________________________ effective against bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. 11. Of the chlorine compounds, the most cost-effective disinfectant is common chlorine ______________. It is effective against most common pathogens, including such difficult organisms as ________________________, hepatitis B and C, fungi, antibiotic-resistant strains of _________________________________ and Enterococcus, and viruses. 12. Ethyl alcohol is an effective ____________________ in concentrations of less than 70 percent, whereas isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol) is ____________________ at all concentrations (50 to 90 percent). Alcohols are not considered to have _________________ antimicrobial activity; that is, activity that lasts for hours after application. 13. ________________________________ is useful as a skin cleanser and surgical scrub because potential pathogens that reside on the skin surface are frequently grampositive bacteria. 14. __________________ __________________________ is an oxidizing agent that is generally regarded as safe and effective by the FDA. It is used medically for cleaning wounds, for removing dead tissue, and as an oral debriding agent 15. This is a large group of related compounds that includes the agent benzalkonium chloride (Bactine, Gold Bond First Aid antiseptic, Zephiran). They are _________________ against many bacteria, fungi, and protozoa but not against bacterial spores or molds 16. __________________ ________________ is commonly used as an ophthalmic antiseptic in newborns. The purpose of this is to prevent infection of the tissues surrounding the eyes caused by gonorrhea and Chlamydia, which may be present in the birth canal as the baby is being born. 17. The Centers for Disease Control, the National Institutes of Health, and the Food and Drug Administration have reviewed the research and concluded that there is no evidence linking _________________________ to developmental changes in children. Nevertheless, as a precautionary measure, all new __________________ for children under six years of age are thimerosal-free or contain only trace amounts. 18. The most common side effects associated with the topical use of disinfectants and antiseptics in general are skin dryness, irritation, rash, and __________________________ at the contacted surface. 19. The ________________________ group includes formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and ethylene oxide. These chemicals are used to inactivate viruses and ____________ because they add functional groups to the microorganism that are not compatible with its life. This group is never used as an antiseptic because of the potential ________________ to human tissue at any concentration 20. _________________________ is a human carcinogen and creates respiratory problems at low levels of concentration. It must be handled with special ventilation and isolated prep areas. If you are not trained to safely and properly handle formaldehyde, stay away from it and never breathe it directly.