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Quick Review Why did the English king and Parliament quarrel in the 1640s? Was the king or Parliament more to blame? What role did religion play in the conflict? Transition question Consider the following events: Reigns of James I and Charles I English Civil War The Puritan Republic The Stuart Restoration Compare the Stuart monarchs of England from 1603 to 1649 with Oliver Cromwell’s reign as Lord Protector (1653-1658). How was Cromwell’s reign different or alike? Do you think Cromwell’s treatment of King Charles I was justified? Was Cromwell’s reign as Lord Protector an improvement for the people of England? Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy • Charles II (1660-1685) – England returned to the status quo of 1642 – Lords and Commons (met only when summoned by the king) – English church restored. • Was believed to have secret catholic sympathies. • Wanted religious toleration for Catholics and Puritans. . Clarendon Code (1661-1665) Parliament Reacts to Toleration • Series of Laws that: – Excluded Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, and Independents from the religious and political life of the English nation. – Required strict adherence to the Book of Common Prayer and the Thirty-Nine Articles. – Demanded oaths of allegiance to the Church of England from all persons serving in local governments. The Clarendon Code • The Corporation Act of 1661 – Required all officeholders in incorporated municipalities to receive communion in the Anglican Church. • The Act of Uniformity of 1662 – All ministers had to use the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. – Non-conformists had to take an oath that they would not try to alter the established order of church and state in England. – Hundreds of Quakers, pacifists group (1649) who refused to pay tithes or take oaths, were put in prison or killed. • The Conventicle (Secret Meeting) Act of 1664 – Imposed harsh penalties on those who attended religious services which did not follow the forms of the Anglican Church • The Five-Mile Act of 1665 – prohibited ministers from coming within five miles of a parish from which they had been removed as pastor. Navigation Acts (1660) • Required all trade to be done using English ships. All trade from English colonies was restricted to England or its other colonies. • Aimed at Dutch dominance in the shipping industry • Sparked a series of naval wars between England and Holland. Treaty of Dover (1670) • • • • • • Charles needed money to fight the war with Holland. France and England were at war with Holland France and England form a secret alliance Charles II and Louis XIV Charles was supposed to announce his conversion to Catholicism and Louis XIV would supply finances to fund the war. 1672-Declaration of Indulgence(A sign of good faith) Charles suspended all laws against Roman Catholics and Protestant nonconformists. The Test Act (1673) • Parliament’s Response to Charles’ request for money. They would not give Charles money until he rescinded the Declaration of Indulgence. (He did) – Superseded the Clarendon Codes – Excluded non-Anglicans from both military and civil office by requiring them to swear an oath against the doctrine of transubstantiation. – Aimed at James II (Charlie’s brother and devout Catholic) – Charles did NOT have a legitimate heir but did have a many illegitimate children. “the Popish Plot 1678” • Titus Oates claimed the existence of a plot by the Catholic Church against England. • Oates claimed that the Jesuits (identified with Rome) were preparing to assassinate the king and slaughter all English Protestants to proclaim James King of England. • Opposition members (opposed to James I) of Parliament were tried and executed. The Popish Plot Whigs and Tories • Popish Plot led to the formation of Political Parties: – Whigs-members of parliament who were critical of the king’s policies and supported parliamentary supremacy and led an effort to prevent James from becoming king. – Tories-supported the monarchy and defended James II as rightful heir to the throne. Charles II: The End of His Reign • • • • • • 1681 - 1685 Does not trust Parliament. Does not recall Parliament. Turns to increased custom duties and Louis XIV for extra income. Did not need Parliament Suppressed any opposition to throne (executed several Whig leaders. Influenced the election of Royal sympathizers to Parliament. Left James II with a supportive Royal Parliament. James II AND RENEWED FEARS OF A CATHOLIC ENGLAND • • • • • • 1685-1688 Inherited a Parliament with strong Tories and weak Whigs giving him a strong position as monarch. Devout Roman Catholic determined to return England to Catholicism Dissolved Parliament when they opposed him. 1687--Issued the Declaration of Indulgence-suspended all religious tests and permitted free worship. Appointed Catholics to high positions in government. – • Candidates for Parliament who opposed the Indulgence were replaced with Catholics. Supported King Louis XIV’s decision to revoke the Edict of Nantes (made English Protestants nervous) James II--Absolute? • Wanted to subject all English Institutions to the power of the monarchy. It’s a boy! • June 10, 1688 • James has a male heir, James Francis Edward Stuart. • James II now had a Catholic heir. • Whigs and Tories from both houses of Parliament invite William and Mary to take the throne of England. William and Mary and The “Glorious Revolution” Just Give Us The Crown and No One Gets Hurt.` • 1688-William III of Orange Arrives in England with his army and was received without opposition. • James fled to France and the protection of Louis XIV. • 1689-William summoned a Free Parliament • William and Mary were declared Joint Sovereigns with the administration given to William. Conditions • • The Bill of Rights had to be accepted.(1689) This meant; – The king could not be a Roman Catholic – A standing army in time of peace was illegal – Taxation without Parliamentary consent was illegal – Excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment were prohibited – Right to trial by jury was guaranteed – Free elections to Parliament would be held – Parliament would be called into session every three years The Toleration Act (1689) granted the right to public worship to Protestant nonconformists but did not permit them to hold office. Outlawed Roman Catholics and anti-Trinitarians. Act of Settlement (1701)-Provided for the English Crown to go to the Protestant House of Hanover in Germany once the second daughter of James II or her children had passed. Characteristics of Absolutism • Social – Ruler dominated upper classes, which in turn dominated lower classes. – Ruler dominated cultural life either as a patron of the arts or by censoring • Political – Rule by Divine Right – Sovereign Authority--Unlimited power; Individuals are subjects owing loyalty and obedience – Upper Classes maintained limited local control (parlements) but were constantly supervised (intendants-Louis XIII) Characteristics of Absolutism • Religious – One King, One Law, One Faith – France-Catholic King, Catholic Country • Economic – Ruler encourages industry and trade to strengthen the economy (Sully, Colbert) – Elaborate ceremonies celebrating authority and power. • Intellectual (Bossuet, Hobbes, Bodin) – Divine Right – Sovereignty Leviathan, 1651 “A Social Contract” Rulers Bourbon Dynasty • Henry IV- 1589 - 1610 • Marie de Medici *Queen Regent for Louis XIII- (1610-1617) • Louis XIII-1610 - 1643 (The Beloved) • Anne of Austria * Queen Regent for Louis XIV (1643-1651) • Louis XIV 1643 - 1715 (The Sun King) Important Terms and Concepts • Mercantilism: An economic system that emphasizes a nation’s control of trade and its colonies for its own self interest and the accumulation of bullion. • Bullion: Gold or silver considered with respect to quantity rather than value. OR Gold or silver in the form of bars, ingots, or plates • Parlements: A series of thirteen provincial boards-one in Paris and the other twelve in major provincial cities. Parlements • Constituted the independent judiciary of France. • Consisted of the aristocracy • Previously weakened the monarch’s centralized power. • Intendants then weakened Parlement’s power. ParlementsPaths to Royal Absolutism Marie de Medici, Louis XIII, Richelieu, Louis XIV Question 1 Background Louis XIII and Richelieu • Louis inherits the throne at the age of 9 – Marie de Medici-Queen Mother and regent • Foreign Policy – Treaty of Fountainbleau-1611-Mutual defense pact with Spain for 10 years. • Contained the Hapsburg Empire • Arranged for Louis XIII to marry the Spanish Infanta Louis XIII and Richelieu • Domestic Policy – Promoted Cardinal Richelieu--King’s Chief Advisor • Architect of the Absolute system – Devout Catholic – Pursued an anti-Hapsburg policy – Put the interest of the state above the interest of the individual. Louis XIII and Richelieu • Intendant system – Royal agents sent to govern provinces • Collected royal taxes • Enforced royal decrees • Intended to halt the power of ambitious nobles who threatened royal authority. • Noble who resisted were imprisoned or killed. Louis XIII and Richelieu • Centralization of Authority – Stepped up the campaign against separatist parlements and provincial governors-one law, that of the king • Imprisoned or executed dissenters. • Religion-One King, One Law, One Faith – Huguenots-1629-Royal armies conquered major Protestant cities – Peace of Alais (1629)-Denied Protestants the right to maintain Garrisons, separate political organizations, and independent law courts • Used the arts and print to defend his actions – “raison d'état”-reasons of the state Louis XIII and Richelieu • Pursued an anti-Hapsburg policy – Aided the Protestants during the Thirty Years’ War. – Catholics in conquered areas be permitted to practice their religion – Gained land during and after the war through the Treaty of Westphalia (HRE) Louis XIII and Richelieu • Created resentment of the monarchy from the French Nobles and wealthy commercial groups • Undermined the traditional political privileges of the nobility--state agents (intendant system) Louis XIV and Mazarin • Mazarin installed as Chief Minister by Queen Anne-(Regent) • Continued Richelieu’s policy of centralization • Imprisoned anyone who resisted centralization • Actions led to the Fronde “The Fronde” • 1649 - 1652--rebellion initiated by the Parlement of Paris and supported by the Nobility • Louis XIV-flees France Questions 2 and 3-One King Louis XIV Returns “One King” • Believed in absolute, unquestioned authority (never appointed a Chief minister [advisor]) • Used the intendant system of local government • Never called the Estates-General, who did not resist, risk of arrest. • Never abolished parlements or limited their authority at their local level (exception was the Parlement of Paris) • Louis’ personal control was more creative than Mazarin’s or Richelieu’s Louis XIV • Used Propaganda • Created a political image • Made sure the French nobles and major social groups would benefit from his authority Questions 4 and 5-Versailles Versailles Versailles • • • • Used to exert in his political control Permanent residence after 1682 Proclaimed the glory of the Sun King Consumed at least one-quarter (sometimes one-half) of the annual revenue • Life at Versailles was organized around Louis daily routine One Law • Most powerful government during the middle to latter part of the 17th century. • Used his powerful military to try to secure France’s borders. (northern-Spanish Netherlands, Alsace-Lorraine, Habsburg Empire) • Louis’ foreign ambition created tension and many countries eventually formed coalitions against France. One Law • Economy – Jean Baptiste Colbert-controller of general finances. • Strengthen his army in foreign wars • Centralize his authority – Economy under state supervision – Mercantilist – Transformed France into a major commercial power – Reduced the number of tax-exempt nobles. – Increased the direct tax-the taille (peasantry) One Law • Military – Changed by Marquis of Louvois, Sebastian Vauban – 250,000 members • • • • • • • • Salaried Disciplined Respectable Promotion by merit Monitored by the king’s intendants Enlistment lasted four years-had to be single Respected the citizens of France Employed modern methods of warfare (Trench Warfare and strategies that last until World War I) Question 8-Louis’s Early Wars Louis’s Early Wars • War of Devolution (1667-68) – Fought over Louis’s claim to lands in Belgium – Land that was to be inherited through his marriage to Marie-Theresa (Spanish Infanta) – Marie was to renounce her claim and accept 500,000 crown dowry to be paid to Louis within 18 months, never honored. – Philip IV (King of Spain)-left all his land to Charles II (son from his second marriage) – Louis challenged this claim which led to war. – Used the law of the land--(land devolved to the children of the first marriage). Louis’s Early Wars • War of Devolution – England, Sweden, United Holland respond with a coalition, the Triple Alliance – Agreed to come to terms, Treaty of Aix-laChapelle (1668) • Louis controlled towns bordering the Spanish Netherlands. (map page 393) Louis’s Early Wars • Invasion of the Netherlands (again) – 1670-Treaty of Dover-Dissolved Triple Alliance – 1672-Invaded the Netherlands-Dutch offended Louis, they organized the Triple Alliance. • Louis VS William of Orange – Orange united with HRE, Spain, Lorraine and Brandenburg – Ended with the Treaty of Nijmwegen (1678), no clear victor. • Louis now compared to Philip II. Question 9 – One Faith One Faith • Suppression of the Jansenists – Religious policy to conform to Catholicism – Jesuits-permitted to worship in France, eventually became very influential. – Jansenists-influenced by many of the doctrines of the Protestant faith concerning salvation. • Accused by Jesuits as being Crypto-Calvinist. – Louis afraid of the Jansenist appeal to French Protestants-banned the practice. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685) • ONE FAITH – Louis wanted the unification of the Catholic religion. • Before (1685) – Huguenots lost their political, social, and economic privileges. • After (1685) – Religious privileges revoked. Question 10- Louis’s Later Wars Louis’s Later Wars • 1686-League of Augsburg (England, Spain, Sweden, Bavaria, Saxony, and the Palitinate) formed to stop Louis’s aggression in Germany. • Led to the Nine Year War (1688-1697) • Led to the French-British struggle in North America-King Williams War • Ended in a Stalemate-The Peace of Ryswick (1697)-stopped Louis’s expansion into Germany Louis’s Later Wars War of Spanish Succession1701-1714 • 1700-Charles II-Spain died-No direct heir to the throne • Charles left his inheritance to Philip of Anjou (Louis’s grandson) • Louis used his relationship with Philip to reclaim lands for Spain (France) drive the Dutch from Flanders and claimed Spanish America open to French Ships • 1701-Grand Alliance formed against France to preserve the balance of power-(England, Holland, and the HRE) • France was not prepared for war-bad finances, ill-equipped army, and poor military leadership • War was considered a French failure Louis’s Later Wars War of Spanish Succession • Treaty of Utrecht (1713) – Confirmed Philip V as King of Spain (Bourbon thrones of Spain and France were never to be united) – Gave lands to England – Recognized the House of Hanover (England) – Spain’s power decreased – Power shifted to England Peter the Great of Russia The Romanov Dynasty, The Princes of Muscovy Reading Assignment (pages 405-413) • Describe Peter the Great’s (1682-1725) reaction to the following, – – – – – – – – Revolutionary movements Russian military Russian nobility Foreign expansion Western Absolutism Personal opposition Russian Politics Religion Peter the Great 1689-1725 “Peter had laid the foundation of a modern Russia, but not the foundations of a stable state”. (Kagan, Ozment, and Turner, p. 409, 2010) Why do you suppose the authors of your textbook make this statement? Provide evidence supporting your response. Revolutionary Movements and Russian Politics • 1698-Suppressed the Streltsy rebellion. • Publically tortured and executed rebels. • 1,000 rebels put to death, corpses put on public display. Russian Military • Served the tsar, not itself. • New policies of conscription-drafted 130,000 in the first 10 years, 300,000 by the end of his reign. • Adopted policies of West European Armies. • Navy-built new ships to expand territory and gain ports (Baltic, Black Sea) Foreign Expansion • Great Northern War (1700-1721) • Russia and its coalition defeat Sweden for the territories of Estonia, Livonia, and parts of Finland. • Russia possessed ice-free ports. Western Absolutism • Secured his power from the boyars and streltsy. • Increased military power. • Created the capital city of St. Petersburg. – Compelled the boyars to build houses. • Re-organized the Russian Orthodox Church Personal Opposition • Prevented conspiracies against his reign involving his son Aleksei. – Aleksei wanted to overthrow his father with the help of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI – Aleksei would have had the help of nobility, government officials, and church leaders. • Peter had Aleksei executed. Russian Politics • Crushed opposition by force. • Created Colleges-groups of administrators who were to oversee taxation, foreign affairs, war, and economics. • Each college was divided among the nobility and loyal subjects. • Table of Ranks-intended to draw the nobles into state service by ignoring their lineage. Equated a person’s social position and privilege by their rank in the state bureaucracy or army. Religion • Abolished the leadership of the Patriarch, or bishop. • Established a government department, Holy Synod consisting of several bishops. • It governed the church according to the secular requirements of the Tsar. The Ottoman Empire Expansion to 1683 Compared to Western Absolutism • Largest Empire of the time (geographically). • Key factor—religious toleration. Empire was a haven for persecuted religions from Europe. No conversion was necessary. – Non-muslim groups organized into societies called millets with some autonomy and self-government. – Each had its own leaders, courts, schools, etc. – Taxes were pai to the state, Muslim populations were exempt from taxation. • No hereditary nobility or landed property. • Powerful military made up of Christian slaves-janissaries-Christian boys taken as a tax from the Balkans annually, converted to Islam and trained as high level administrators or soldiers in the Sultan’s army. – Keeping them from their families made them loyal to the Sultan in a multicultural state. – This loyalty reduced competition competition for key positions. • Separate spheres for men and women. Decline of the Ottoman Empire • Internal struggles for power among the Muslim elite led to weakness within government and rivalries. • European countries began to surpass the Ottomans in technological, wealth and scientific knowledge. • Europeans developed greater military and naval power with better weapons. • Ottomans never adjusted to the growth of European powers remaining very traditional rather than progressive. Directions and Rubric Essay Test Chapter 13 • One of the following essay questions will be selected in class. Please prepare to answer each question by developing an essay that; • Has a clear, well-developed thesis. • Is well organized and contains smooth transition from beginning to end and among ideas. • Supports thesis with specific evidence. • Clearly addresses all parts of the question. Questions • Discuss the causes of the English Revolution of 1642. • Louis XIV declared his goal was “one king, one law, one faith.” Analyze the methods the king used to achieve this objective and discuss the extent to which he was successful. • Historians have said that in 17th century Europe the English Aristocracy had lost their privilege but retained their power while the French Aristocracy had lost their power but retained their privilege. Assess the validity of this statement.