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Facts about the spine: The vertebral column, also called the backbone, is made up of 33 vertebrae that are separated by spongy disks and classified into four distinct areas. The cervical area consists of seven bony parts in the neck; the thoracic spine consists of 12 bony parts in the back area; the lumbar spine consists of five bony segments in the lower back area; five sacral* bones; and four coccygeal* bones. (* By adulthood, the 5 sacral vertebrae fuse to form one bone, and the 4 coccygeal vertebrae fuse to form one bone. Iliopsoas 1. Iliacus 2. Psoas o o Major Minor Hip Flexors abdominal wall (external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis and rectus abdominis muscles). Abdominal muscles explained The four main abdominal muscles are: Transversus abdominus – the deepest muscle layer. Its main roles are to stabilise the trunk and maintain internal abdominal pressure. Rectus abdominus – slung between the ribs and the pubic bone at the front of the pelvis. This muscle has the characteristic bumps or bulges, when contracting, that are commonly called ‘the six pack’. The main function of the rectus abdominus is to move the body between the ribcage and the pelvis. External oblique muscles – these are on each side of the rectus abdominus. The external oblique muscles allow the trunk to twist, but to the opposite side of whichever external oblique is contracting. For example, the right external oblique contracts to turn the body to the left. Internal oblique muscles – these flank the rectus abdominus and are located just inside the hipbones. They operate in the opposite way to the external oblique muscles. For example, twisting the trunk to the left requires the left side internal oblique and the right side external oblique to contract together. The obvious movement is hip extension, the rearward movement of the leg at the hip. This movement is driven by famous gluteus maximus, known affectionately as glute max. This is the big butt muscle that connects the pelvis to the femur. When it contracts, it drives the leg back as it propels the body forward. The other movement is rotational. To appreciate this one, we need to look at the deep muscles, those below glute max. Most of these muscle fibers run horizontally or nearly so, in a line from the sacrum to a large protrusion on the outside of the femur. It's easy to see what will happen if these fibers contract– they pull on the femur, causing it to rotate backwards or laterally in the hip socket. Hip External Rotators Other Names Six Deep Lateral Rotator Hip Muscles 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Piriformis Gemellus Superior Obturator Internus Gemellus Inferior Obturator Externus Quadratus Femoris