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IUCN 2008: T22693336A38834283
Arenaria interpres, Ruddy Turnstone
Assessment by: BirdLife International
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Citation: BirdLife International. 2012. Arenaria interpres. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2012: e.T22693336A38834283. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20121.RLTS.T22693336A38834283.en
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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Animalia
Chordata
Aves
Charadriiformes
Scolopacidae
Taxon Name: Arenaria interpres (Linnaeus, 1758)
Regional Assessments:
• Europe
Common Name(s):
• English:
• French:
Ruddy Turnstone, Turnstone
Tournepierre à collier
Taxonomic Source(s):
del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife
International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International.
Assessment Information
Red List Category & Criteria:
Least Concern ver 3.1
Year Published:
2012
Date Assessed:
May 1, 2012
Justification:
This species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable
under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or
fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or
severe fragmentation). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline
is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population
trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size is very large, and
hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (<10,000
mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or
with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
Previously Published Red List Assessments
2009 – Least Concern (LC)
2008 – Least Concern (LC)
2004 – Least Concern (LC)
2000 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc)
1994 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc)
1988 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Arenaria interpres – published in 2012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22693336A38834283.en
1
Geographic Range
Country Occurrence:
Native: Afghanistan; Albania; Algeria; American Samoa (American Samoa); Angola (Angola); Anguilla;
Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Armenia (Armenia); Aruba; Australia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Bahamas;
Bahrain; Bangladesh; Barbados; Belgium; Belize; Benin; Bermuda; Bolivia, Plurinational States of;
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba; Botswana; Brazil; British Indian Ocean Territory; Brunei Darussalam;
Bulgaria; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cambodia; Cameroon; Canada; Cape Verde; Cayman Islands; Chad;
Chile; China; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Colombia; Comoros; Congo; Congo, The
Democratic Republic of the; Cook Islands; Costa Rica; Côte d'Ivoire; Croatia; Cuba; Curaçao; Cyprus;
Czech Republic; Denmark; Djibouti; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; Egypt; El Salvador;
Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea; Estonia; Ethiopia; Falkland Islands (Malvinas); Faroe Islands; Fiji; Finland;
France; French Guiana; French Polynesia; French Southern Territories; Gabon; Gambia; Georgia;
Germany; Ghana; Gibraltar; Greece; Greenland; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Guam; Guatemala; Guinea;
Guinea-Bissau; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Hong Kong; Hungary; Iceland; India; Indonesia; Iran, Islamic
Republic of; Iraq; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Jamaica; Japan; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Kiribati; Korea,
Democratic People's Republic of; Korea, Republic of; Kuwait; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Lebanon; Liberia; Libya;
Lithuania; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Madagascar; Malawi; Malaysia; Maldives; Mali;
Malta; Marshall Islands; Martinique; Mauritania; Mauritius; Mayotte; Mexico; Micronesia, Federated
States of ; Mongolia; Montenegro; Montserrat; Morocco; Mozambique; Myanmar; Namibia; Nauru;
Nepal; Netherlands; New Caledonia; New Zealand; Nicaragua; Niger; Nigeria; Niue; Norfolk Island;
Northern Mariana Islands; Norway; Oman; Pakistan; Palau; Palestinian Territory, Occupied; Panama;
Papua New Guinea; Peru; Philippines; Poland; Portugal; Puerto Rico; Qatar; Réunion; Romania; Russian
Federation; Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Saint Lucia; Saint Martin
(French part); Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Samoa; Sao Tomé and
Principe; Saudi Arabia; Senegal; Serbia (Serbia); Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Singapore; Sint Maarten (Dutch
part); Slovakia; Solomon Islands; Somalia; South Africa; South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands;
South Sudan; Spain; Sri Lanka; Sudan; Suriname; Svalbard and Jan Mayen; Sweden; Switzerland; Taiwan,
Province of China; Tajikistan; Tanzania, United Republic of; Thailand; Timor-Leste; Togo; Tokelau; Tonga;
Trinidad and Tobago; Tunisia; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Turks and Caicos Islands; Tuvalu; Uganda; Ukraine;
United Arab Emirates; United Kingdom; United States (Georgia); United States Minor Outlying Islands;
Uruguay; Uzbekistan; Vanuatu; Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of; Viet Nam; Virgin Islands, British; Virgin
Islands, U.S.; Western Sahara; Yemen; Zambia; Zimbabwe
Vagrant: Belarus; Lesotho; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; Paraguay; Rwanda; Slovenia; Swaziland
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Arenaria interpres – published in 2012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22693336A38834283.en
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Distribution Map
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Arenaria interpres – published in 2012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22693336A38834283.en
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Population
The global population is estimated to number c.460,000-800,000 individuals (Wetlands International,
2006), while national population estimates include: c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration and c.501,000 wintering individuals in China; c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration and c.50-10,000 wintering
individuals in Taiwan; c.50-10,000 individuals on migration in Korea; c.1,000-10,000 individuals on
migration and c.50-1,000 wintering individuals in Japan and c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and
c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in Russia (Brazil 2009).
Trend Justification
The overall population trend is decreasing, although some populations have unknown trends (Wetlands
International 2006), and in North America the trend is increasing (based on BBS/CBC data: Butcher and
Niven 2007).
Current Population Trend: Decreasing
Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)
Behaviour This species is fully migratory (del Hoyo et al. 1996). It breeds from May to early-August
(Hayman et al. 1986) in solitary pairs (del Hoyo et al. 1996), although several pairs may nest close
together in optimal habitats (Johnsgard 1981) along coasts or on islands (Snow and Perrins 1998). The
species migrates in large flocks (del Hoyo et al. 1996) and is gregarious and sociable when feeding or
roosting in winter (Snow and Perrins 1998), often foraging in close flocks of 10-100 or more individuals,
especially in tidal areas (del Hoyo et al. 1996). Habitat Breeding The species breeds near the coast or up
to several kilometres inland (Snow and Perrins 1998) in the high Arctic (Hayman et al. 1986), nesting on
coastal plains, marshes and tundra (del Hoyo et al. 1996) and showing a preference for mosaics of bare
rock, clay or shingle and vegetation near water (Snow and Perrins 1998) or in areas that remain damp
until late summer (Johnsgard 1981). Non-breeding Outside of the breeding season the species is mainly
coastal (del Hoyo et al. 1996), although on migration it may occur inland along dykes or on lake shores
(del Hoyo et al. 1996). During the winter it frequents productive rocky and shingle shores (Hayman et al.
1986, del Hoyo et al. 1996), breakwaters (del Hoyo et al. 1996), sandy beaches with storm-wracked
seaweed (Hayman et al. 1986, del Hoyo et al. 1996), short-grass saltmarshes, sheltered inlets, estuaries,
mangroves swamps, exposed reefs and mudflats with beds of molluscs (del Hoyo et al. 1996). Diet
Breeding On its Arctic breeding grounds the species takes Diptera(especially adult and larval midges) as
well as larval Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and spiders, occasionally also taking vegetable
matter early in the season (del Hoyo et al. 1996). Non-breeding Outside of the breeding season its diet
consists of insects, crustaceans, molluscs (del Hoyo et al. 1996) (especially mussels or cockles)
(Johnsgard 1981), annelids, echinoderms, small fish, carrion and birds eggs (del Hoyo et al. 1996).
Breeding site The nest is a shallow depression (del Hoyo et al. 1996) in mud, peat or on dry ground
(Johnsgard 1981) with dense vegetation (del Hoyo et al. 1996), often positioned on a slight ridge,
hummock or tussock, or in cleft or shallow fissure (Snow and Perrins 1998). The species usually nests
solitarily, although neighbouring pairs may nest as little as 15 m apart along coasts or on islands (where
abundant feeding habitats are available) (Snow and Perrins 1998). Management information Removing
feral American mink Neovison vison from a large archipelago with many small islands in the Baltic Sea
had the result of increasing the breeding density of this species in the area (Nordstrom et al. 2003).
Systems: Terrestrial, Freshwater, Marine
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Arenaria interpres – published in 2012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22693336A38834283.en
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Threats (see Appendix for additional information)
The species suffers nest predation from feral American mink Neovison vison in some regions (Nordstrom
et al. 2003), and is susceptible to avian influenza so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the virus
(Melville and Shortridge 2006).
Credits
Assessor(s):
BirdLife International
Reviewer(s):
Butchart, S. & Symes, A.
Facilitators(s) and
Compiler(s):
Ekstrom, J., Butchart, S., Malpas, L.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Arenaria interpres – published in 2012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22693336A38834283.en
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Bibliography
Brazil, M. 2009. Birds of East Asia: eastern China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, eastern Russia. Christopher
Helm, London.
Delany, S.; Scott, D. 2006. Waterbird population estimates. Wetlands International, Wageningen, The
Netherlands.
del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., and Sargatal, J. 1996. Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 3: Hoatzin to Auks.
Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.
Hayman, P.; Marchant, J.; Prater, A. J. 1986. Shorebirds. Croom Helm, London.
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2012.1). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org.
(Accessed: 19 June 2012).
Johnsgard, P. A. 1981. The plovers, sandpipers and snipes of the world. University of Nebraska Press,
Lincoln, U.S.A. and London.
Melville, D. S.; Shortridge, K. F. 2006. Migratory waterbirds and avian influenza in the East AsianAustralasian Flyway with particular reference to the 2003-2004 H5N1 outbreak. In: Boere, G.; Galbraith,
C., Stroud, D. (ed.), Waterbirds around the world, pp. 432-438. The Stationary Office, Edinburgh, UK.
Nordström, M.; Högmander, J.; Nummelin, J.; Laine, J.; Laanetu, N.; Korpimäki, E. 2003. Effects of feral
mink removal on seabirds, waders and passerines on small islands in the Baltic Sea. Biological
Conservation 109: 359-368.
Snow, D.W. and Perrins, C.M. 1998. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume 1: Non-Passerines.
Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Citation
BirdLife International. 2012. Arenaria interpres. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012:
e.T22693336A38834283. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22693336A38834283.en
Disclaimer
To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.
External Resources
For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Arenaria interpres – published in 2012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22693336A38834283.en
6
Appendix
Habitats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Habitat
Season
Suitability
Major
Importance?
4. Grassland -> 4.1. Grassland - Tundra
Breeding
Suitable
Yes
5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.1. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent
Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls)
Nonbreeding
Suitable
No
5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.4. Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps,
Fens, Peatlands
Breeding
Suitable
No
5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.5. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater
Lakes (over 8ha)
Nonbreeding
Suitable
No
5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.6. Wetlands (inland) - Seasonal/Intermittent
Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)
Nonbreeding
Suitable
No
5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.10. Wetlands (inland) - Tundra Wetlands (incl.
pools and temporary waters from snowmelt)
Breeding
Suitable
Yes
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.8. Marine Neritic - Coral Reef -> 9.8.1. Outer Reef
Channel
Nonbreeding
Suitable
No
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.8. Marine Neritic - Coral Reef -> 9.8.2. Back Slope
Nonbreeding
Suitable
No
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.8. Marine Neritic - Coral Reef -> 9.8.3. Foreslope
(Outer Reef Slope)
Nonbreeding
Suitable
No
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.8. Marine Neritic - Coral Reef -> 9.8.4. Lagoon
Nonbreeding
Suitable
No
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.8. Marine Neritic - Coral Reef -> 9.8.5. Inter-Reef Soft
Substrate
Nonbreeding
Suitable
No
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.8. Marine Neritic - Coral Reef -> 9.8.6. Inter-Reef
Rubble Substrate
Nonbreeding
Suitable
No
9. Marine Neritic -> 9.10. Marine Neritic - Estuaries
Nonbreeding
Suitable
No
12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.1. Marine Intertidal - Rocky Shoreline
Nonbreeding
Suitable
No
12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.2. Marine Intertidal - Sandy Shoreline and/or
Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc
Nonbreeding
Suitable
No
12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.3. Marine Intertidal - Shingle and/or Pebble
Shoreline and/or Beaches
Nonbreeding
Suitable
No
12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.4. Marine Intertidal - Mud Flats and Salt Flats
Nonbreeding
Suitable
No
12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.5. Marine Intertidal - Salt Marshes (Emergent
Grasses)
Nonbreeding
Suitable
No
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Arenaria interpres – published in 2012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22693336A38834283.en
7
Habitat
Season
Suitability
Major
Importance?
12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.6. Marine Intertidal - Tidepools
Nonbreeding
Suitable
No
Use and Trade
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
End Use
Local
National
International
Food - human
Yes
Yes
No
Pets/display animals, horticulture
No
No
Yes
Sport hunting/specimen collecting
Yes
Yes
No
Threats
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Threat
Timing
Scope
Severity
Impact Score
11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.1. Habitat
shifting & alteration
Future
Whole (>90%)
Unknown
-
Stresses:
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation
1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects
Conservation Actions in Place
(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)
Conservation Actions in Place
In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning
Action Recovery plan: No
Systematic monitoring scheme: Yes
In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management
Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range
Occur in at least one PA: Yes
Invasive species control or prevention: No
In-Place Species Management
Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No
Subject to ex-situ conservation: No
In-Place Education
Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: No
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Arenaria interpres – published in 2012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22693336A38834283.en
8
Conservation Actions in Place
Included in international legislation: Yes
Subject to any international management/trade controls: No
Additional Data Fields
Distribution
Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No
Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 2620000
Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No
Continuing decline in number of locations: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No
Population
Continuing decline of mature individuals: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations: No
Population severely fragmented: No
Continuing decline in subpopulations: Unknown
Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No
All individuals in one subpopulation: No
Habitats and Ecology
Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Unknown
Generation Length (years): 7.3
Movement patterns: Full Migrant
Congregatory: Congregatory (and dispersive)
© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Arenaria interpres – published in 2012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22693336A38834283.en
9
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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species
Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.
The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International;
Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of
Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London.
THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™