Download Ren/Ref Combined Notes - Binghamton City School District

Chapter 17 – Section 1
Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
Plague and war led people to live for now and question the Church
People question the feudal structure that limits social advancement
Renaissance – rebirth of learning and the arts
Italy’s Advantages
 Urban centers
 Overseas trade was brought about by the Crusades
 Led to growth of large city-states where ideas are
exchanged
 Plague killed many, reducing business opportunity.
Merchants began to pursue other interests such as art.
 Merchants and the Medici
 Merchants were the richest and most powerful in the cities
 Did not inherit social position – had to work hard for it
 Individual achievement becomes important theme
 Medici family rules Florence – big art patrons
 Classical Heritage
 Artists and scholars were inspired by the ruins of Rome
 Ancient manuscripts return to Rome when Constantinople
falls
Classical and Worldly Values
 Classics Lead to Humanism
 Classical texts led to humanism: the focus on human
potential and achievement
 Used texts to understand Greek values, not to try to make
them agree with religion
 Enjoyment of Worldly Pleasures
 People believed you could enjoy life without offending God
 Secularism – worldly and concerned with here and now
 Nice homes, meals, clothing were enjoyed
 Patrons of the Arts
 Merchants such as the Medici supported artists, donated art
 Popes were patrons as well, spending for art
 The Renaissance Man
 The ideal person strove to master all areas of study
 A person excelling in many areas was a “universal man”
 Castiglione - The Courtier - Taught how to do this
 The Renaissance Woman
 Upper class women were expected to know the classics and
be charming
 Far better educated than medieval women
Renaissance Revolutionizes Art
Emphasis was on individuals, portraits became popular - use realism
 New Techniques
o Donatello - natural postures, expressions – show personality
 Sculpted first freestanding nude since ancient times - David
o Masaccio - rediscovered perspective
 Leonardo, Renaissance Man
o Painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist – a true Renaissance man
o Mona Lisa, Last Supper – use of expression
 Raphael Advances Realism
o Studied Michelangelo and DaVinci
o Known for realism in paintings
o Showed classical influences in his art
Renaissance Writers Change Literature
Many wrote in the vernacular
Wrote for self-expression or to portray the individuality of their subjects
These are trends writers still follow today
 Petrarch and Boccaccio
o Petrarch wrote sonnets in vernacular Italian, letters in Latin
o Boccaccio – The Decameron – sarcasm to show follies of humans
 Machiavelli Advises Rulers
o The Prince – examines imperfect conduct of all humans
o Political guidebook on how to keep power despite enemies
Key Concepts:
Sweeping changes take place in society during the Renaissance
 Trade after Crusades led to the development of Italian cities – ideas
exchanged
 Merchants have money for arts, emphasize individual achievement
 Artists inspired by Roman ruins, classic texts – classical influence
 Questioning the Church and its teachings
 Emphasis on secularism – enjoy life right now, worldly pursuits
 Emphasis on humanism – focus on human activity and achievement
 Changes art styles, literature – focus on people, glorify individual
Chapter 17 – Section 3
Luther Starts the Reformation
Lingering problems in the Church weaken it and cause a split.
Causes of the Reformation
 Problems in the Catholic Church
o Popes were too busy pursuing worldly affairs to have time for
spiritual matters
o Lower clergy were poorly educated, broke vows
 Early Calls for Reform
o Wycliffe, Hus advocated church reform in the 1300s and 1400s
o Erasmus, Savonarola and More said the same in the 1500s
Luther Challenges the Church
 Martin Luther
o Catholic monk who objected to church abuses
 Johann Tetzel was selling indulgences
 People thought they could buy their way into heaven
 95 Theses
o Luther nails a list of protests on the Church door at Wittenberg
o The list spread with help from the printing press
o Reformation begins, calling for full reform in the Church
Luther’s 3 Teachings
- People could win salvation only by faith in God’s forgiveness.
- All Church teachings should be clearly based on the Bible
- All people with faith were equal. Priests are not needed to interpret
the Bible for people. They can do it for themselves
The Response to Luther
Many rulers and merchants were unhappy with the Church for political or
economic reasons. They use Luther’s protest as an excuse to take action.
 The Pope’s Threat
o Church not worried about Luther at first, became worried later
o Pope threatened excommunication if he did not retract his words
o Luther does not, and is excommunicated
 The Emperor’s Opposition
o Emperor Charles issues Edict of Worms – declared Luther a
heretic and forbade anyone to give him food or shelter
o Prince Frederick disobeys and helps him
o Luther emerges a year later to find his ideas are being practiced.
A new religion had formed - Lutheranism
 The Peasants’ Revolt
 People tried to apply Luther’s reforms to society
 Peasants tried to end serfdom. They raided and burned.
 German princes crushed the revolt at Luther’s urging.
 Germany at War
 Princes supporting Luther fought Emperor Charles V
 Charles wins, but can’t force princes back into the Church
 Peace of Augsburg – agreed that the religion of each state
would be decided by its ruler
England Becomes Protestant
 Henry VIII Wants a Son
o Feared civil war if male heir was not born. His wife did not bear one
o Wants an annulment so he can remarry - pope refuses
 The Reformation Parliament
o Henry asks Parliament to end pope's power in England - they do.
o Act of Supremacy - King is the head of England's Church
 Consequences of Henry's Changes
o Henry seizes Church wealth and lands, enriched treasury
o Henry gets son after third marriage
o Edward rules only 6 years after Henry dies.
o Mary takes over, reverts England to Catholicism. Kills Protestants
 Elizabeth Restores Protestantism
o Elizabeth restores Protestantism after Mary's death
o Made changes that both Catholics and Protestants could accept
Key Concepts:
 Luther protests the sale of indulgences and other questionable practices
 95 Theses are posted by Luther. These ideas are copied and distributed
 Luther spreads his view. His ideas are put in practice - Lutheranism
 England becomes Protestant for political reasons - Henry wants a son
 Catholic Church won't grant annulment - Henry splits with Catholic faith
 King of England, not the pope, is head of the English Church
 After Henry's death, religious turmoil follows. Elizabeth installs a stable
Protestant Church of England (Anglican Church).
Chapter 17 – Section 4
The Reformation Continues
New forms of Protestantism develop, and the Catholic Church reforms itself.
Calvin Begins Another Protestant Church
 Calvin and His Teachings
o Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion. It created a system
of Protestant theology.
o Believed men and women were sinful by nature
o Predestination – the belief that God has known since the
beginning of time who would be saved
 Calvin Runs Geneva
o Protestants in Geneva asked Calvin to run their city. It had strict
rules and harsh punishments if they were broken.
o Theocracy – government controlled by religious leaders
 Calvinism Spreads
o John Knox brings Calvinism to Scotland; called Presbyterianism
o Huguenots – French Calvinists. They were persecuted.
o Many Protestant churches today trace their roots to Calvinism
Other Reformers
Christians begin to interpret the Bible for themselves.
Differences in beliefs cause new Protestant groups form.
 The Anabaptists
o Baptized only those old enough to decide to be Christian
o Taught church and state should be separate
o Refused to fight in wars
o Were persecuted by Catholics and Protestants
o Forerunners of the Mennonite and Amish
 Women of the Reformation
o Some women played prominent roles early in the Reformation
o Later, women’s activities became more limited to the home
The Catholic Reformation (The Counter-Reformation)
Despite problems, many Catholics stayed loyal to the Church.
 Ignatius of Loyola
o Founded the Jesuit order – Had 3 goals:
 Founded superb schools – Jesuits were highly trained teachers
 Convert non-Christians to Christians – used missionaries
 Stop Protestantism from spreading
 Reforming Popes
o Paul III
 Investigated abuses, approved Jesuits, used the Inquisition
 Called Council of Trent
 Church interpretation of Bible is final. Personal
interpretations are heresy
 Faith and good works are needed for salvation
o Paul IV
 Carried out Council decrees
 Index of Forbidden Books – banned certain books
o Legacy of the Reformation
 Religion no longer united Europe
 Church power declined, monarchs and states gained power
Key Concepts:
 Calvin creates a system of Protestant theology
 Catholic Reformation is a response to spread of Protestantism
 Council of Trent solidifies Catholic Church doctrines
Study Questions
1) Why did Luther Criticize the Church? (R)
2) What was the Church's response to Luther?(R)
3) What was the Edict of Worms? (N)
4) What was the Peace of Augsburg? (R)
5) What did King Henry VIII ask the Church to do? (N)
6) What was the Church's response to Henry? (N)
7) Why was England successful in getting both Catholics and
Protestants to agree to the new state religion? (N)
8) Who do you think had a better reason to break with the Church,
Martin Luther or Henry VIII? Why?
(R) – Means that the answer can be found in the reading
(N) – Means that the answer can be found in the notes