Download Lighting of Buildings

Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Faculty of Architecture
Department of Building Energetics and Services, www.egt.bme.hu
Lighting
of
Buildings
COMPLEX 2.
Design Aid
Interior elevation with lamps, furniture and wall textures (Anna Hertel, Complex 2.)
András Majoros, Emil Vetési, Levente Filetóth
Edited by Levente Filetóth
2014 February
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Building Energetics and Services, www.egt.bme.hu
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SCOPE OF THE DESIGN TASK 3 DESIGN LAYOUTS AND CALCULATIONS TO BE SUBMITTED: 3 A) ARTIFICIAL ILLUMINATION DESIGN 4 A.1. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTIFICIAL ILLUMINATION A.2. MAIN STEPS OF LIGHTING DESIGN A.3. DECIDING ABOUT LAMPS AND LUMINAIRES A.3.1. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF SPACES AND ROOMS A.3.2. LIGHT DISTRIBUTION OF LUMINAIRES A.3.3. DETERMINING ILLUMINATION VALUES A.3.4. CHOOSING THE MOST APPROPRIATE LIGHT SOURCE A.3.5. CHOOSING THE MOST APPROPRIATE LUMINAIRE A.3.6. CALCULATING "BUILT-­‐IN PERFORMANCE" OF LAMPS A.4. DELIVERABLES 4 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 10 10 B) ELECTRIC LAYOUT OF RESIDENTIAL UNITS 12 B.1. DELIVERABLES 12 ______________________________________________________________________________________
Lighting of Buildings, COMPLEX 2. Design Aid
2.
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Building Energetics and Services, www.egt.bme.hu
SCOPE OF THE DESIGN TASK
This design aid was created to help the lighting and luminaire design related tasks as part of the comprehensive design project - of the students of the Faculty of
Architecture of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics.
The goal of the comprehensive design 2. is to create so called "working drawing
sets". In case of lighting and luminaire design the goal is to create and illustrate the
artificial lighting in the selected interior spaces of the building and also suggest
corresponding daylighting schemes for the architectural design.
One of the two available, independent tasks are to completed by the end of the
semester: either the (A) illumination design should be designed in the selected
area of the building; or the (B) schematic electric layout of selected building areas
should be created.
Please ask your lighting consultant to determine if you should complete
task (A) or task (B) during the semester!
Design layouts and calculations to be submitted:
(A)
In case of task type (A); please submit drawing layouts with the following
content:
•
Floor plan or suspended ceiling plan (scale 1:50), cross- or longitudinal
section indicating the position of the selected luminaires,
•
interior elevations indicating the textures of the internal surfaces and
furniture (this might also be a 3D hand- or computer-made sketch,
capturing the selected interior from eye-level),
•
calculations clarifying the type and the number of the designed
luminaires and light sources, please also include the corresponding
page of the manufacturers' catalogue.
(B)
In case of task type (B), please submit the schematic electric layout of the
selected dwelling or residential-unit, including:
•
floor plan (scale 1:50), indicating all the necessary devices listed in the
corresponding table of this guide,
•
interior elevations indicating the textures of the internal surfaces and
furniture (this might also be a 3D hand- or computer-made sketch,
capturing the selected interior from eye-level),
•
please include the corresponding page of the luminaire catalogue of the
selected luminaires.
Please submit the lighting design deliverables as part of the "Building Energetics
and Services" booklet.
______________________________________________________________________________________
Lighting of Buildings, COMPLEX 2. Design Aid
3.
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Building Energetics and Services, www.egt.bme.hu
A)
A.1.
ARTIFICIAL ILLUMINATION DESIGN
Main characteristics of artificial illumination
The artificial illumination design is usually created by teams of engineers, at the
tender or construction documentation stage of the design process. The input data for
the illumination design is provided by the architect.
To be able to design the layout of the luminaires and specify light sources, we must
know the exact function and geometry of the areas and rooms and also have an idea
about the surfaces as well as of the furnishing of the interior.
We must provide adequate illumination levels on the reference planes of the interior
as described by the standards. Further we must also provided evenly distributed
illumination levels, avoid glare, provided adequate color rendering, create affordable
artificial illumination while also establish visual comfort in the design project (Table
1).
Quantity
Symbol
Unit
Dimension
IL luminance
E
lux
lx
Luminance
L
cd/m2
cd/m2
Uniformity of
illuminance
e
1
0,0 - 1,0
Colour Rendering
1a
1b
2a
2b
3
4
Ra
Ra ≥ 90
90 > Ra ≥ 80
80 > Ra ≥ 70
70 > Ra ≥ 60
60 > Ra ≥ 40
40 > Ra ≥ 20
Correlated Color
Temperature
(according to CCT)
W
N
C
Warm
Neutral
Cool
CCT < 3300 K
3300 ≤ CCT ≤ 5300 K
CCT > 5300 K
Table 1: Photometric quantities, symbols, units and dimensions relevant to lighting design in
the built environment
______________________________________________________________________________________
Lighting of Buildings, COMPLEX 2. Design Aid
4.
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Building Energetics and Services, www.egt.bme.hu
A.2.
Main steps of lighting design
It is recommended to follow the bellow listed main steps when creating lighting
design for buildings. Please note: these steps
Please consider only the bold steps when working on the illumination design of
the complex 2 semester project!
1.
Please select - with the help of your consultant - the spaces and areas
where you'll design artificial illumination. Define the functions and
activities of these selected spaces. [A.3.1.]
2.
Define the purpose of the lighting and illumination tasks: industrial lighting,
safety lighting, special lighting, etc.
3.
Define the lighting system: uniform general light, spotlight, task-light, local
light, etc.
4.
Please select the most appropriate luminaire considering its distribution
of luminous intensity with the help of the consultant. [A.3.2.]
5.
Please determine the required illuminance (E) values for the previously
listed functions and activities with the help of the consultant. [A.3.3.]
6.
Determine the required illumination distribution (e) in space and in time with
the help of the standards.
7.
Determine the required colour-rendering (Ra) index for the light sources.
8.
Determine the required correlated colour temperature of the light sources.
9.
Determine the so called "time-to-peak" and "re-ignition time" of the lamps.
10.
Select the most appropriate lamp-types for each of the activities with the
help of the consultant. [A.3.4.]
11.
Select the most appropriate, manufacturer-specific luminaires using
design catalogues. [A.3.5.]
12.
Determine glare indexes: considering all luminaires, lamps - as well as their
distribution in space.
13.
Design the artificial lighting for the selected area: determine the number
of luminaires and the characteristics - power - of the light-sources, with
the help of your consultant. [A.3.6.]
14.
Make sure that the designed artificial lighting and the daylighting (if available)
are in balance regarding visual comfort as well as building energetics and
maintenance costs.
______________________________________________________________________________________
Lighting of Buildings, COMPLEX 2. Design Aid
5.
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Building Energetics and Services, www.egt.bme.hu
A.3.
Deciding about lamps and luminaires
Please apply the following, simplified calculation formulae to determine and design
artificial lighting for your selected area of your Complex 2. project - in accordance
with the previously listed, bold design steps.
A.3.1. Main characteristics of spaces and rooms
Please select a part of your Complex 2. project with the help of the
consultant, and design the artificial illumination only for the selected area.
The selected area of your project preferably should be adjacent spaces that are
visible from a typical location (such as: reception and lobby area of a hotel including
seating and reading spaces or those areas of industrial buildings that are important
from technology point of view, etc.).
After selecting the areas and spaces in your design please determine:
•
k [-] environmental factor: k = 1,25 in case of "clean" interiors or k = 1,6 in
case of "less clean or dirty" interiors. "Less clean" interiors are typically spaces
having constant dust or other similar air-pollution (such as a cement factory or
a timber factory, etc.).
•
A [m2] area: corresponding to the individual tasks or functions. For instance in
case of a hotel lobby the area of the reception desk, the area of the reading
corners or table, the area of the corridors, etc. should be individually
determined (since all these might have different luminaires and illuminance
values).
Please feel free to visit the "Lighting for Buildings"1 online photo gallery to gather
some ideas and to display photos of buildings and interiors with specific illumination
requirements.
1
Lighting for Buildings online photo gallery: http://egt.pagem.hu/en/
______________________________________________________________________________________
Lighting of Buildings, COMPLEX 2. Design Aid
6.
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Building Energetics and Services, www.egt.bme.hu
A.3.2. Light distribution of luminaires
The most appropriate luminaires should be selected for the individual tasks and
areas. The light distribution - and the corresponding efficiency - of luminaires can be
divided into five main categories, as presented on Table 2.
•
η
[-] efficiency values: direct lighting: 0,5, mainly direct lighting: 0,4, general
diffused lighting: 0,3, mainly indirect lighting: 0,2, indirect lighting: 0,1.
Please select the most appropriate luminaire types for the specific lighting
tasks with the help of your consultant!
Direct
η ≈ 0.5
Mainly
Direct
η ≈ 0.4
General
Diffused
η ≈ 0.3
Mainly
Indirect
η ≈ 0.2
Indirect
η ≈ 0.1
Table 2: Light distribution and efficiency of luminaires
______________________________________________________________________________________
Lighting of Buildings, COMPLEX 2. Design Aid
7.
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Building Energetics and Services, www.egt.bme.hu
A.3.3. Determining illumination values
The illumination standards precisely describe the required minimal illuminance values
for specific lighting tasks:
•
E [lx] illuminance, values typically are determined as 50 lx < E < 750 lx.
Please ask your consultant for sepcific illuminance values to be considred
in your project!
A.3.4. Choosing the most appropriate light source
Table 3 lists the most common lamp properties and characteristics. All these must be
considered when selecting a light source for a specific illumination design task.
Characteristic
Lumen efficiency
Life-time
Overall color rendering
index
Correlated colour
temperature
Time-to-peak
Re-ignition time
Unit performance
Unit luminous-flux
Unit lumen energy
Symbol
Dimension
η*
t
Ra
lumen per watt
hour
--
CCT
kelvin
tF
tU
Pe
φe
Qe
second
second
watt
lumen
lumen hour
Dimension
symbol
lm/W
h
K
s
s
W
lm
lmh
Table 3: Lamp characteristics
The most appropriate light-source - or lamp - can be selected considering the tasks
to be considered as well as the available height, headroom and other characteristics
of the interior space.
Please select the most appropriate light-source with the help of your
consultant!
After choosing the most appropriate light-source(s) for the design task, please
consider Table 4. to determine the corresponding lumen-efficiency values of the
selected lamps!
______________________________________________________________________________________
Lighting of Buildings, COMPLEX 2. Design Aid
8.
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Building Energetics and Services, www.egt.bme.hu
Light-source
Typical lumen-efficiency,
*
η [ lm/W ]
Halogen lamp
η* = 25 lm/W
Compact
fluorescent tube
η* = 70 lm/W
Fluorescent tube
η* = 80 lm/W
Metal Halide
η* = 90 lm/W
Typical symbol of lamp in
catalogues
lamp
High-Pressure
Sodium lamp
η* = 130 lm/W
LED
η* = 90 lm/W
light-sources
Table 4: Lumen efficiency and symbols of lamps
A.3.5. Choosing the most appropriate luminaire
Previously you already deiced about the illuminance distribution [A.3.2.] and
efficiency of the luminaire and also decided about the most appropriate light source
[A.3.3.] to be used in the luminaire. Now please check out some manufacturers's
catalogues and select manufacturer-specific luminaires and lamps that match the
previous decisions. Please consider the colors and style of the interior as well when
selecting a manufacturer specific lamp. You may download some sample catalogues
from this location2.
2
Manufacturers' lighting catalogues: http://www.egt.bme.hu/w_oktatas/komplex/letoltheto/
______________________________________________________________________________________
Lighting of Buildings, COMPLEX 2. Design Aid
9.
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Building Energetics and Services, www.egt.bme.hu
A.3.6. Calculating "built-in performance" of lamps
The next step to design the artificial illumination in the selected spaces is to calculate
the so-called "built-in-performance" of the lamps. This practically means that you
must define the number of luminaires to be placed in the interior and also define the
number as well as the performance of the light sources. Please use the following,
simplified methods to calculate the "built-in-performance":
•
First define Φ [lm] that is the "required luminous flux" using this formula:
Φ =k(E·A)/η
•
Next, define P [W] that is the "built-in performance" using this formula:
P = Φ / η*
•
[lm].
[W].
With the help of the built-in performance the number - considering their
distribution - of the luminaires as well as the performance of the light-sources can
be determined.
When distributing the lamps, please consider the requirements of other
consultants as well as engineering and design tasks (heating, HVAC,
building construction and structional requirements, etc.)
A.4.
Deliverables
Please submit the following items at the end of the semester:
•
floor plan or suspended ceiling plan (scale 1:50), cross- or longitudinal
section indicating the position of the designed luminaires,
•
interior elevations indicating the textures of the internal surfaces and
furniture (this might also be a 3D hand- or computer-made sketch,
capturing the selected interior from eye-level),
•
calculations clarifying the type and the number of selected luminaires
and light sources [A.3.]. Please also include the corresponding page of
the manufacturers' catalogue.
The next page displays a sample floor plan and an internal section indicating the
position of the luminaires as well as the texture and color of the internal surfaces.
______________________________________________________________________________________
Lighting of Buildings, COMPLEX 2. Design Aid
10.
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Building Energetics and Services, www.egt.bme.hu
Interior elevation with lamps, furniture and wall textures (Anna Hertel, Complex 2.)
Floor plan with luminaire layout and light distribution (Anna Hertel, Complex 2.)
______________________________________________________________________________________
Lighting of Buildings, COMPLEX 2. Design Aid
11.
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Building Energetics and Services, www.egt.bme.hu
B)
ELECTRIC LAYOUT OF RESIDENTIAL UNITS
In case of residential buildings or residential units the semester project can also be
the so-called "electric layout" design of one or more typical units. In such case the
location of the lamps, switches as well as the position of other electric devices must
be indicated on a floor plan view. Please also select and submit manufacturerspecific luminaires and lamps for one of the spaces (for instance for the living area).
B.1.
Deliverables
Please use the table bellow to indicate various lamp types and electrical devices,
outlets on a floor plan view that also displays a schematic furniture layout. Please
also include some sample luminaires from manufacturer specific catalogues.
Built-in luminaire (in case of outdoor, suspended ceiling or furniture use)
Ceiling luminaire
Wall luminaire
On-off switch for a lamp or a group of lamps
Changeover switch (to control a lamp or a group of lamps from two locations)
Cross-connect switch (to control a lamp or a group of lamps from multiple - more than two
- locations)
"Chandelier" switch
Single wall socket
Dual wall socket
Triple wall socket
Quattro wall socket
Telephone wall socket
TV or LAN wall socket
Fluorescent tube
Air-extractor (ventilator)
Push button
Door bell
Table 5: Electric layout symbols
______________________________________________________________________________________
Lighting of Buildings, COMPLEX 2. Design Aid
12.
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Department of Building Energetics and Services, www.egt.bme.hu
Please indicate - and also consider the suggested furnishing plan of the residential
unit when creating the electric layout design. Please add numbers to all lamps and indicating the lamp to be controlled by a certain switch.
Figure 6: Electric layout plan of a typical residential unit
______________________________________________________________________________________
Lighting of Buildings, COMPLEX 2. Design Aid
13.