Download Instrumentation for High Energy Physics Experiments

Instrumentation for High Energy
Physics Experiments
B.Satyanarayana
Department of High Energy Physics,
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research,
Mumbai
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Plan of the talk
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Introduction
Examples of High Energy Physics Experiments
Detectors used in HEP experiments
What do we measure and how?
Building blocks of HEP instrumentation
Modular instrumentation standards
A couple of case studies
New trends and tools for instrumentation design
Summary
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Energy scales
• Mass, energy, distance, temperature and time are related quantities.
• Unit of energy is the electron Volt. Energy gained by an electron in
passing through a voltage difference of one volt.
• Some examples:
– Mass of atom
: 0.01MeV
– Mass of Nucleus : 10MeV
– Mass of electron : 0.5MeV
– Mass of proton : 1GeV
– Mass of Top quark: 175GeV
– Accelerators
: 2-14TeV
– Astrophysics
: PeV
• Wavelength of the probe radiation should be smaller than the object
to be resolved.
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Aims of HEP experiments
• What are the elementary constituents of matter?
• What are the forces that control their behaviour at the
most basic level?
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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A Neutrino Experiment
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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A Gamma Ray Observatory
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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A Cosmic Ray experiment
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Proton Decay Experiment
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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An accelerator
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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An accelerator experiment
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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HEP instrumentation: The concept
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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High Energy Physics Detectors
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Glass mirrors
Scintillators
Optical fibers
Crystals
Photo Multiplier Tubes
Photo Diodes
Gas proportional chambers
Drift chambers
Calorimeters
Glass Spark Chambers
Silicon strip detectors
Hybrid detectors
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Optical mirrors
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Scintillator and optical fiber assemblies
Test Beam Modules
Finished
Tray
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PPP tile with 4 
grooves visible
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Pigtial with
connector
CMS Collaboration meeting, June 99
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Crystals
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Photo multipliers and diodes
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Gas proportional chambers
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Calorimeters
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Silicon strip detector
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Hybrid detectors
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Physics processes
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Energy loss by the particle
Cherenkov radiation
Bremsstrahlung
Photoelectric effect
Compton scattering
Pair production
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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The magic pulse
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Measurements
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Some primary and some derived
Light
Energy
Charge/Current
Pulse height/Voltage
Relative timing
Position/Particle track
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Measuring tools
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Amplifiers and Comparators
Analog to Digital Converters
Charge to Digital Converters
Time to Digital Converters
Latches and Registers
Memories
Logic systems
Hybrids
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Amplifiers
Proton
Decay
Experiment
D0
Experiment
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Comparators and Converters
Input
QIE hybrid
Output
Classic comparator
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Analog/Charge to Digital Converters
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Time to Digital Converters
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Logic/Trigger systems
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Modular Instrumentation
• Need for standardisation
• Popular standards:
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NIM
CAMAC
VME
Fastbus
GPIB
PCI
• Barrowed standards from
computer and PC domains.
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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CAMAC standard modules
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Simplified concept of HEP
instrumentation
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Instrumentation of the Neutrino
experiment
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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DAQ system for the Proton Decay
experiment
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Trigger and DAQ system of an
accelerator experiment
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Electronics and DAQ system for a CMS
detector
HCAL FE/DAQ Overview
Trigger
Primitives
L2-DAQ DATA
SLINK64 [1 Gbit/s]
LEVEL 1
TRIGGER
DAQ
RUI
DAQ Crate
(in UXA)
H D H H H
R C T T T
C C R R R
H
T
R
 18 HTRs per
Readout Crate
TTC
QIE
QIE
QIE
QIE
CCA
VR
QIE
Shield
Wall
GOL
FE READOUT
MODULE
CCA
(On detector)
CONTROL MODULE
HPD
CCA
RBX
Readout Box
GOL
1.6 Gb/s
(800 Mb/s)
QIE
14 June 2001
October 26, 2002
2 fibers
(3 fibers on old scheme)
Total = 6 QIE channels
per FE READOUT module
Tullio Grassi
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Trends in hardware design
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FPGAs, ASICs and other PLDs
High performance design and simulation tools
Radiation hard devices
Beam tests, bench marking and calibrations
Burn-in and vertical splice tests
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Trends in data communication
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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Summary
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“On Zenith Or Nowhere Else”
Innovation in design and perfection are the keys
Highest levels of reliability under hostile environments
(Huge)Team effort is need of the hour
Makes perfect challenging careers for young minds
October 26, 2002
OZONE 2002, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Mumbai
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