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Biology EOC Teacher Key for pages 1-16 1. Water Cycle- Movement of water between the oceans, atmosphere, land, and living things. 2. Evaporation- the Sun’s heat causes water to change from a liquid to vapor. 3. Condensation- water vapor cools and returns to a liquid state. 4. Precipitation- water that falls from the atmosphere to the land and oceans. 5. Runoff- precipitation that falls on land and flows into streams, rivers, and lakes. 6. Groundwater- precipitation that seeps into the ground and is stored in spaces in and between rocks. 7. Carbon cycle- carbon moves through the environment in cycles known as photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and decomposition. 8. Carbonate- a rock where carbon is stored. It originally comes from shells and bones of once living organisms. 9. Cell Theory: 1. All living things are made up of one or more cells, 2. Cells are the basic unit of life, and 3. All cells come from preexisting cells. 10. Nucleus- control center of the cell, contains the DNA 11. Ribosome- the organelle where amino acids are hooked together to make proteins. 12. Endoplasmic Reticulum- organelle that makes lipids, breaks down drugs and other substances, and packages proteins for the Golgi Apparatus. 13. Mitochondria- powerhouse of the cell. Breaks down food molecules to make ATP for the cells to use. 14. Chloroplast- organelle that uses the energy from sunlight to make food. Plant cells only. 15. Golgi Complex- organelle that processes and transports proteins and other materials out of the cell. 16. Central Vacuole- Stores water, nutrients, and other materials in the plant cell. 17. Lysosome- organelle that digests food particles, wastes, cell parts, and foreign invaders. 18. Prokaryote- smallest, single celled, simplest cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. 19. Eukaryote- Plant / Animal, multicellular, have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. 20. Flagella- Tail used for movement 21. Cilia- short hair-like structures that aid in movement 22. Light Microscope / Compound Microscope- uses two lenses to magnify an image and has a light bulb in the base that shines light up through the specimen, which is mounted on a glass slide. 23. Electron Microscope- uses electron beams to study small structure inside cells or on the cells surface. Both the electron beam and the specimen must be placed in a vacuum chamber so that the electrons in the beam, will not bounce off gas molecules in the air. Cannot be used with living things. 24. Transmission Electron Microscope- electron beam is directed at a very thin slice of a specimen stained with metal ions. Reveals the cells internal structure in fine detail. 25. Scanning Electron Microscope- electron beam is focused on a specimen coated with a very thin layer of metal. Gives us a three dimensional image of the cells surface. 26. Pathogens- Disease causing agent such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists. 27. Mutations- changes in genetic material. 28. Cell Membrane- outer membrane, selectively permeable, regulates what goes in and out of the cell. 29. Passive Transport- movement across the membrane that does not require energy. 30. Diffusion-Movement of particles from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached. 31. Osmosis-Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from high to low concentration. 32. Facilitated Diffusion-Carrier protein transports a substance across the cell membrane down the gradient of the substance. 33. Active Transport- Movement of substances against the gradient requires energy. 34. Exocytosis- substances inside a vesicle are released from a cell as the vesicle fuses with the membrane. 35. Endocytosis- substances move into a cell by a vesicle that pinches off from the cell membrane. 36. Cell Wall- composed of proteins and carbohydrates (mostly cellulose) and it surrounds the cell membrane of plant cells.