Download The mandible in lateral view

7
The Skeleton
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by
Alexander G. Cheroske
Mesa Community College at Red Mountain
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The bones of the axial skeleton
SKELETAL SYSTEM 206
Cranium 8
Skull
Face
Skull and
associated 29
bones
Associated
bones
Auditory
ossicles 6
Hyoid
AXIAL
80
SKELETON
14
1
Sternum 1
Thoracic
25
cage
APPENDICULAR
126
SKELETON
(see Section 2)
Ribs
Costal
cartilages
(cartilages
of ribs)
24
Intervertebral
discs (cartilage)
Vertebrae 24
Vertebral
column 26
Sacrum
1
Coccyx
1
Figure 7 Section 1
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The 22 bones that form the skull, plus the seven
bones associated with the skull
FACE
SKULL
14
Maxillary bones 2
8
Occipital bone 1
Palatine bones
2
Parietel bones 2
Nasal bones
2
Inferior nasal
conchae
2
Frontal bone 1
Temporal bones 2
Zygomatic bones 2
Lacrimal bones
2
Vomer
1
Mandible
1
CRANIUM
Sphenoid
1
Ethmoid
1
ASSOCIATED BONES 7
(see Module 7.7)
Hyoid bone 1
Auditory ossicles
enclosed in
6
temporal bones
Figure 7.1
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
The facial and cranial bones of the skull
Cranial Bones
Frontal
bone
Sphenoid
Parietal bone
Temporal
bone
Ethmoid
Occipital
bone
Figure 7.1
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4
The major sutures of the skull
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Squamous suture
Temporal bone
Occipital
bone
Lambdoid suture
Lateral view of skull
Sagittal suture
Parietal bone
Parietal bone
Sutural bone
Lambdoid suture
Occipital
bone
Posterior view of skull
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.1
5
–
6
The bones of the skull in anterior view
Facial Bones
Nasal bone
Cranial Bones
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Lacrimal bone
Palatine bone
Sphenoid
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Ethmoid
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Mandible
Figure 7.2
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
The bones of the skull in posterior view
Cranial Bones
Sagittal suture
Parietal bones
Occipital bone
Lambdoid suture
Temporal bone
Squamous suture
Mastoid process
Styloid process
External occipital crest
Mandible
Figure 7.2
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
The skull in lateral view
Frontal squama (forehead)
Coronal
suture
Superior and inferior
temporal lines
Squamous part
(of temporal bone)
Squamous suture
Sphenoid
Parietal
bone
Frontal
bone
External
acoustic
meatus
Ethmoid
Lacrimal bone
Temporal
bone
Nasal bone
Maxilla
Alveolar
processes
Lambdoid suture
Zygomatic
bone
Occipital
bone
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Mandible
Zygomatic arch (cheekbone)
Mental protuberance
Mandibular angle
Figure 7.3
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
The interior of the skull, as revealed by sagittal
section that passes just to the left of the midline
Sphenoid
Frontal
bone
Coronal
suture
Sphenoidal
sinus (right)
Sella turcica
Petrous part
(of temporal bone)
Frontal sinuses
Parietal
bone
Squamous suture
Lambdoid suture
Nasal bone
Temporal
bone
Ethmoid
Vomer
Occipital
bone
Palatine
bone
Internal
acoustic
meatus
Hypoglossal canal
Maxilla
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Mandible
Styloid
process
Figure 7.3
2
An inferior view of the skull
Zygomatic
bone
Frontal
bone
Palatine
bone
Maxilla
Vomer
Foramina
Foramen lacerum
Sphenoid
Foramen ovale
Zygomatic arch
Styloid process
Carotid canal
Mandibular fossa
Jugular foramen
Temporal bone
Occipital condyle
Stylomastoid foramen
Occipital
bone
Lambdoid suture
Foramen magnum
Inferior and superior
nuchal lines
External occipital crest
Figure 7.4
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
The interior of the skull, as revealed by horizontal section
Nasal bones
Frontal bone
Crista galli
Cribriform plate
Ethmoid
Sella turcica
Foramen rotundum
Sphenoid
Foramen lacerum
Temporal bone
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Carotid canal
Internal
acoustic meatus
Mastoid foramen
Jugular foramen
Parietal bone
Hypoglossal canal
Occipital bone
Internal occipital crest
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.4
2
Two views of the sphenoid
Greater wing
Optic canal
Superior
surface
of the
sphenoid
Lesser wing
Hypophyseal fossa
Sella turcica
Foramen
spinosum
Foramen Foramen
Superior
ovale rotundum orbital fissure
Sphenoidal spine
Figure 7.5
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
The ethmoid
Cribriform plate
Crista galli
Lateral masses
Superior and middle
nasal conchae
Perpendicular plate
Superior surface
Posterior surface
Figure 7.5
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2
The palatine bones
Orbital process
Perpendicular plate
of the palatine bone
Nasal
crest
Horizontal plate
Figure 7.5
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3
The bones of the orbital complex
Lacrimal fossa
Supra-orbital
margin
Supra-orbital notch
Frontal bone
Palatine bone
Ethmoid
Lacrimal sulcus
Sphenoid
Temporal bone
Nasolacrimal canal
Zygomatic bone
Zygomaticofacial
foramen
Intra-orbital
foramen
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Maxilla
Figure 7.6
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
The bones of the nasal complex
Cranial
cavity
Frontal bone
Ethmoidal air cells
Orbit
Zygomatic bone
Maxillary sinus
Maxilla
Frontal
section
Mandible
Nasal cavities
Figure 7.6
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
The bones that form and surround the nasal cavity, as
revealed by a sagittal section with
nasal septum removed
Frontal sinuses
Frontal bone
Sphenoidal sinus
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Nasal bone
Lacrimal bone
Superior nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Middle nasal concha
Perpendicular plate
of palatine bone
Pterygoid plates
Maxilla
Hard palate
Figure 7.6
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
The mandible in lateral view
Coronoid process
Teeth (molars)
Condylar process
Alveolar process
Mental foramen
Mandibular notch
Body of the mandible
Ramus of the mandible
Figure 7.7
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
The medial surface of the mandible
Coronoid Condylar
process
process
Mylohyoid line
Head
Mandibular foramen
Alveolar
part
Position of the submandibular
salivary gland
Figure 7.7
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
The hyoid bone
Greater horn
Lesser horn
Body of the hyoid
Figure 7.7
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
The auditory ossicles, bones associated
with the skull
SKULL
ASSOCIATED BONES 7
FACE
14
CRANIUM
8
Maxillary bones
2
Occipital bone
1
Palatine bones
2
Parietal bones
2
Nasal bones
2
Frontal bone
Inferior nasal
conchae
2
Zygomatic bones 2
Lacrimal bones
2
Vomer
1
Mandible
1
1
Temporal bones 2
Sphenoid
1
Ethmoid
1
Hyoid bone 1
Auditory ossicles
enclosed in
6
temporal bones
(see Chapter 15)
Figure 7.7
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
4
The anterior fontanelle (“soft spot”) and associated sutures in the
skull of an infant
Sagittal suture
Left
parietal
bone
Right
parietal
bone
Anterior fontanelle
Coronal suture
Frontal suture
Frontal
bone
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Frontal
suture
Figure 7.8
1
The occipital fontanelle and associated sutures
in a posterior view of the skull of an infant
Left
parietal
bone
Right
parietal
bone
Sagittal suture
Occipital fontanelle
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
Figure 7.8
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
A lateral view of the skull of an infant
Sphenoidal fontanelle
Coronal
suture
Parietal
bone
Frontal
bone
Sphenoid
Squamous suture
Mastoid fontanelle
Nasal bone
Temporal
bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
Figure 7.8
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
A superior view of the skull of an infant
Frontal suture
Frontal
bone
Anterior fontanelle
Frontal
bone
Parietal
bone
Lambdoid suture
Sagittal suture
Occipital fontanelle
Parietal
bone
Occipital bone
Coronal suture
Figure 7.8
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
4
The spinal curves and vertebral regions
in the adult vertebral column
Spinal Curves
Vertebral Regions
Primary curves develop before
birth, and secondary curves after
birth.
Regions are defined
by anatomical
characteristics of
individual vertebrae.
Cervical curve
(a secondary curve)
Thoracic curve
(a primary curve)
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
L1
Cervical
(7 vertebrae)
Thoracic
(12 vertebrae)
L2
Lumbar curve
(a secondary curve)
L3
Lumbar
(5 vertebrae)
L4
L5
Sacral curve
(a primary curve)
Sacral
Coccygeal
Figure 7.9
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
Figure 7.9
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
The parts of a typical vertebra
Parts of a Vertebra
Articular processes
Vertebral arch
Vertebral body
Superior view
Figure 7.9
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
The parts of the vertebral
arch
The Vertebral Arch
Spinous process
Vertebral
foramen
Laminae
Transverse process
Pedicles
Inferior view
Figure 7.9
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
A lateral view of three vertebrae
Pedicle
Intervertebral disc
Intervertebral foramina
Vertebral
body
Vertebral canal
Figure 7.9
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4
A posterior view of two vertebrae
Articular facet
Superior articular process
Inferior articular process
Figure 7.9
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5
A typical cervical vertebra
Transverse foramen
Bifid spinous process
Vertebral
foramen
Vertebral body
Transverse process
Costal process
Figure 7.10
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
The first two cervical
vertebrae: the atlas
and the axis
Anterior
arch of
atlas
Atlas
Dens (odontoid process)
Joint that permits
nodding (as in
indicating “yes”)
Axis
Posterior arch
of atlas
Ligament that enables
rotation (as in shaking
the head to indicate
“no”)
Figure 7.10
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
A lateral view of the seven cervical vertebrae
Vertebra
prominens
Figure 7.10
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
Figure 7.10
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
4
A typical thoracic vertebra in superior view
Transverse
process
Spinous process
Vertebral
foramen
Superior
articular
facet
Superior
costal facet
Vertebral
body
Figure 7.10
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
5
A typical thoracic vertebra in lateral view
Superior
costal facet
Transverse
costal facet
Vertebral
body
Spinous process
Inferior costal facet
Transverse process
Figure 7.10
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
6
An anterior view of the thoracic cage
Jugular notch
T1
1
2
3
Sternum
Manubrium
4
5
Ribs
Vertebrosternal ribs
(ribs 1–7)
6
11
Body
T11
7
Vertebrosternal ribs
(ribs 8–10)
12
T12
8
9
Floating ribs
(ribs 11 and 12)
Xiphoid process
10
Costal cartilages
Figure 7.12
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
Posterior view of a representative rib
(ribs 2–9)
Articular facets
on head
Capitulum
Tubercle
Angle of the rib
Shaft
Superficial surface
Costal groove
Figure 7.12
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
The action of a typical rib, which
can be likened to the movement
of a bucket’s handle
Sternum
Ribs
Figure 7.12
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
4
Superior view of a representative rib
Transverse
process
Tubercular facet
Superior articular facet
Transverse
costal facet
Inferior articular facet
Figure 7.12
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
The bones of the appendicular skeleton
206
SKELETAL SYSTEM
AXIAL
80
SKELETON
Clavicle
2
Scapula
2
Humerus
2
Radius
2
Ulna
2
Carpal bones
16
Metacarpal bones
10
Phalanges
(proximal,
middle, distal)
28
Hip bone
(coxal bone)
2
Femur
2
Patella
2
Tibia
2
Fibula
2
Tarsal bones
14
Metatarsal bones
10
Phalanges
28
Pectoral
girdle
4
Upper
limbs
60
APPENDICULAR 126
SKELETON
Pelvic
girdle
2
Lower
limbs
60
Figure 7 Section 2
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The relationship of the clavicle
to adjacent bones
Clavicle
Jugular notch
Scapula
Humerus
Anterior view
Figure 7.13
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
Two views of the right clavicle
Superior view
MEDIAL
LATERAL
Acromial
end
LATERAL
Sternal
end
Inferior view
MEDIAL
Figure 7.13
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
Two views of the right scapula
Scapular spine
Acromion Coracoid
process
Superior
border
Acromion
Superior
angle
Supraspinous fossa
Subscapular fossa
Process that
supports the
cup-shaped
glenoid cavity
Lateral
border
Medial
border
Anterior view
Infraspinous fossa
Posterior view
Inferior
angle
Figure 7.13
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
– 4
A lateral view of the right
scapula
Coracoid
process
Glenoid
cavity
Acromion
Figure 7.13
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5
Surface features of the right humerus
Posterior
view
Anterior
view
Head
Greater
tubercle
Intertubercular groove
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
Radial groove
Shaft
Deltoid tuberosity
Radial fossa
Coronoid fossa
Lateral epicondyle
Capitulum
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Olecranon fossa
Medial epicondyle
Trochlea
Trochlea
Figure 7.14
1
Surface features of the right ulna and radius
Posterior
view
Anterior
view
Trochlear notch
Radial head
Olecranon
Coronoid process
Neck of the radius
Proximal radio-ulnar joint
Radial notch
at proximal
radio-ulnar joint
Radial tuberosity
Ulna
Radius
Radius
Ulna
Interosseous membrane
Ulnar notch
Distal radio-ulnar joint
Ulnar head
Styloid process of the radius
Ulnar head
Styloid process of the ulna
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.14
2
The bones of the carpus (wrist)
Proximal Carpal Bones
Scaphoid
Lunate
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Right wrist and hand,
anterior (palmar) view
Radius Ulna
I
II
III
IV
V
Metacarpal
bones
Proximal
phalanx
Distal Carpal Bones
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
Middle
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
Figure 7.15
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
The metacarpal bones
(designated I–V) and the
phalanges of the hand
Radius
Ulna
Proximal Carpal Bones
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Distal Carpal Bones
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
I
V
IV
III
II
Proximal phalanx of pollex
Metacarpal bones
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx of pollex
Right wrist and hand,
posterior (dorsal) view
Distal phalanx
Figure 7.15
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
A hip bone, which consists of an
ilium, an ischium, and a pubis
Ilium
A lateral view of the right hip bone
POSTERIOR
Ischium
ANTERIOR
Pubis
Iliac crest
Gluteal Lines
Anterior
Inferior
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Posterior
inferior
iliac spine
Lunate surface
Greater
sciatic
notch
Acetabulum
Ischial spine
Ischial ramus
Ischial tuberosity
Acetabular notch
Figure 7.16
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
–
2
A medial view of the right hip bone
Ilium
ANTERIOR
POSTERIOR
Pubis
Ischium
Iliac crest
Iliac tuberosity
Iliac fossa
Auricular surface
of the ilium
Arcuate line of the ilium
Greater sciatic notch
Pectineal line
Obturator foramen
Superior pubic ramus
Pubic symphysis
Ischial ramus
Inferior pubic ramus
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.16
3
The structures of the pelvis
Hip Bone
Sacrum
Ilium
Coccyx
Pubis
Ischium
L5
Iliac crest
Iliac
fossa
Ilium
Sacrum
Sacro-iliac joint
Acetabulum
Pubic tubercle
Obturator foramen
Ischium
Pubic symphysis
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.17
1
The locations and extents of the true (lesser) pelvis
(in purple) and the false (greater) pelvis
Superior view
Inferior view
Pelvic
outlet
Ischial
spine
False pelvis
Pelvic inlet
Pelvic brim
Pelvic outlet
Figure 7.17
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
The shapes of the pelvis in females and males
The pelvis of a female
The pelvis of a male
Female
Male
Ischial
spine
Ischial
spine
100°
or more
90°
or less
Figure 7.17
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
Landmarks of the right femur
Fovea capitis
Neck
Greater trochanter
Greater
trochanter
Femoral head
Intertrochanteric
crest
Gluteal tuberosity
Intertrochanteric line
Anterior
view
Lesser trochanter
Linea aspera
Posterior
view
Shaft
Lateral supracondylar
ridge
Popliteal surface
Adductor tubercle
Patellar surface
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Medial epicondyle
Medial condyle
Intercondylar fossa
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Figure 7.18
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
-
2
The surface features of the patella
Base
of patella
Attachment
area for
quadriceps
tendon
Lateral facet, for
lateral condyle
of femur
Medial facet, for medial
condyle of femur
Attachment area for
the patellar ligament,
which attaches the
patella to the tibia
Articular surface
of patella
Apex
of patella
Anterior view
Posterior view
Figure 7.18
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
The features of the right tibia and fibula
Superior
tibiofibular joint
Articular surface of
medial tibial condyle
Intercondylar eminence
Lateral tibial condyle
Articular surface of
lateral tibial condyle
Medial tibial condyle
Head of the fibula
Lateral tibial condyle
Tibial tuberosity
Head of fibula
Interosseous membrane
Anterior
view
Posterior
view
Anterior margin
of the tibia
Tibia
Fibula
Fibula
Medial malleolus
of the tibia
Lateral malleolus
of the fibula
Lateral malleolus
(fibula)
Inferior
articular surface
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Inferior tibiofibular
joint
Figure 7.18
4
The bones of the ankle and foot
The Ankle (Tarsus)
The ankle consists of seven
tarsal bones.
Calcaneus
Talus
Trochlea
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiform bones
Metatarsals
Articulations of the cuboid and the
cuneiform bones with the metatarsal
bones
V
IV
III
II
I
Metatarsal bones (designated I–V)
Proximal phalanx
Phalanges
Distal phalanx
Proximal, middle, and distal phalanges
Hallux
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.19
1
A lateral view of the right ankle and foot
Lateral surface
of the trochlea
Cuboid
bone
Navicular Cuneiform Metatarsal
bones
bone
bones (I–V)
Phalanges
Lateral
view
I
II
Attachment site for
the calcaneal tendon
(Achilles tendon)
III
IV
V
Figure 7.19
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2
A medial view of the right ankle and foot
Phalanges
Medial
Navicular
cuneiform
bone
bone
Metatarsal
bones
Talus
Medial
view
I
Calcaneus
Longitudinal arch
Transverse arch
Figure 7.19
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
2