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• Chapter 17 • Respiratory System • Respiratory System Functions • Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide • Production of sound • Respiration • External respiration • Internal respiration • Cellular respiration or oxidation • Respiration • Respiratory Organs and Structures • Nasal cavity • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchi • Respiratory Organs and Structures • Bronchioles • Alveoli • Lungs • Pleura • Mediastinum • Respiratory Organs and Structures • The Nasal Cavity • Anterior nares or nostrils • Nasal septum • Turbinates or nasal conchae bones • Cilia • Olfactory nerve • Sinuses • The Pharynx • Also called the throat • Common passageway for food and air • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx • Epiglottis • The Larynx • Also called the voice box • Nine fibrocartilaginous plates • Mucous membrane • Glottis • The Trachea • Also called the windpipe • Hyaline cartilage • Mucous membrane and ciliated epithelium • Damage caused by smoking • The Trachea • The Bronchi and the Bronchioles • Right and left bronchus – Ciliated epithelium – Hyaline cartilage • Bronchi subdivide into bronchioles • Alveolar sacs (alveoli) • The Alveoli • Sacs of single-layer epithelial tissue • Surrounded by bed of capillaries • Surfactant • Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide • The Alveoli • The Lungs • Separated by the mediastinum and the heart • The apex is the top of each lung; broad lower part is the base • Base rests over the diaphragm • Right lung has three lobes; left lung has two lobes • The Lungs • The Pleura • A thin, moist, slippery membrane of tough endothelial cells that covers the lungs • Each lung encased in double-walled sac • Pleurisy • Pleural fluid • Thoracentesis • Pneumothorax • The Mediastinum • Also called the interpleural space • Located between the lungs • Contains the thoracic viscera • Mechanics of Breathing • The exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide • Pulmonary ventilation is called breathing • Due to changes in pressure that occur within the chest cavity • Variation in pressure caused by cellular respiration and mechanical breathing movements • The Breathing Process • Inhalation/inspiration • Exhalation/expiration • Respiratory movements and frequency of respiration • Control of Breathing • Neural factors • Chemical factors • Lung Capacity and Volume • Tidal volume • Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) • Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) • Vital lung capacity • Lung Capacity and Volume • Residual volume • Functional residual capacity • Total lung capacity • Types of Respiration • Apnea • Dyspnea • Eupnea • Hyperpnea • Types of Respiration • Orthopnea • Tachypnea • Hyperventilation • Effects of Aging • Lung tissue loses elasticity • Rib cage becomes less flexible • Muscle strength decreases • Functioning alveoli decrease • Disorders of the Respiratory System - Infectious Causes • Common cold • Pharyngitis • Laryngitis • Sinusitis • Bronchitis and chronic bronchitis • Disorders of the Respiratory System - Infectious Causes • Influenza (flu) • Pneumonia • Tuberculosis (TB) • Diphtheria • Pertussis (whooping cough) • Disorders of the Respiratory System - Infectious Causes • Anthrax • Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) • Disorders of the Respiratory System - Noninfectious Causes • Rhinitis • Asthma • Athelectasis • Asbestosis • Silicosis • Nasal polyps • Disorders of the Respiratory System - Noninfectious Causes • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) • Cancer of the lung • Cancer of the larynx • Pulmonary embolism • Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
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