Download Glucocorticoid-Induced Bone Disease

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“Silent disease” until complicated by fractures
Most common bone disease in humans
Characterized by:
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Low bone mass
Microarchitectural deterioration
Compromised bone strength
Increased risk for fracture
Major
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History of fracture as an adult
Fragility fracture in first
degree relative
Caucasian/Asian
postmenopausal woman
Low body weight (< 127 lb)
Current smoking
Use of oral
corticosteroids > 3 mo.
Additional
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Impaired vision
Estrogen deficiency at early
age (< 45 YO)
Dementia
Poor health/frailty
Recent falls
Low calcium intake (lifelong)
Low physical activity
> 2 alcoholic drinks per day
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COPD
Cushing’s syndrome
Eating disorders
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypophosphatasia
IBS
RA, other autoimmune
connective tissue
disorders
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Insulin dependent diabetes
Multiple sclerosis
Multiple myeloma
Stroke (CVA)
Thyrotoxicosis
Vitamin D deficiency
Liver diseases
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Aluminum
Anticonvulsants
Cytotoxic drugs
Glucocorticosteroids
(oral/high dose inhaled)
Immunosuppresants
Gonadotropin-releasing
hormone
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Lithium
Heparin (chronic use)
Supraphysiologic thyroxine
doses
Aromatase inhibitors
Depo-Provera
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Common, iatrogenic form of secondary
osteoporosis
Associated with corticosteroid use in
chronic, noninfectious medical conditions
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Asthma
Chronic lung disease
Rheumatologic disorders
Inflammatory bowel disease
Skin diseases
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Bone remodeling occurs throughout
adulthood
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Osteoporosis results from an imbalance
between osteoclast and osteoblast activity
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Two metabolic abnormalities contribute to
increased bone resorption
 Secondary hyperparathyroidism due to decreased
GI absorption and urinary excretion of calcium
 Altered gonadal function and decreased adrenal
production of androgens
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Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis
predominantly affects regions of the
skeleton that have abundant cancellous
bone, such as the lumbar spine and
proximal femur
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the loss of bone mineral density is
biphasic; it occurs rapidly (6 to 12% loss)
within the first year and more slowly
(approximately 3% loss yearly) thereafter
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increase in the risk of fractures has been
reported with the use of inhaled
glucocorticoids,
as well as with alternate-day and
intermittent oral regimens
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Advanced age
Low body-mass index (<24)
Underlying disease
Prevalent fractures, smoking, excessive alcohol
consumption, frequent falls, family history of hip
fracture
Glucocorticoid receptor genotype
Increased 11β-HSD1 expression
High glucocorticoid dose (high current or
cumulative dose; long duration of therapy)
alternate-day or inhaled therapies also confer
risks of glucocorticoidinduced osteoporosis
Low bone mineral density
Glucocorticoid excess
Glucocorticoid excess
osteoblast
Glucocorticoid excess
osteoblast
Decreased osteoblastogenesis
Glucocorticoid excess
osteoblast
Decreased osteoblastogenesis
Increased apoptosis
Glucocorticoid excess
osteoblast
Decreased osteoblastogenesis
Increased apoptosis
Early and continual decrease in
Glucocorticoid excess
osteoblast
Decreased osteoblastogenesis
Increased apoptosis
Early and continual decrease in
*Cancellous osteoblast
*Synthetic ability
*Bone formation
Glucocorticoid excess
osteocytes
Glucocorticoid excess
osteocytes
Increased apoptosis
Glucocorticoid excess
osteocytes
Increased apoptosis
Decreased canalicular circulation
Glucocorticoid excess
osteocytes
Increased apoptosis
Decreased canalicular circulation
Decreased bone quality
Glucocorticoid excess
osteoclasts
Glucocorticoid excess
osteoclasts
Decreased osteoclastogenesis
Glucocorticoid excess
osteoclasts
Decreased osteoclastogenesis
Early transient increase in
Glucocorticoid excess
osteoclasts
Decreased osteoclastogenesis
Early transient increase in
*Osteoclast survival
*cancellous osteoclasts
*bone resorption
Glucocorticoid excess
osteoclasts
Decreased osteoclastogenesis
Early transient increase in
*Osteoclast survival
*cancellous osteoclasts
*bone resorption
Osteoblasts
Decreased osteoblastogenesis
Osteocytes Increased apoptosis
Increased apoptosis
Early and continual decrease in
*cancellous osteoblasts
*synthetic ability
*bone formation
Decreased canalicular circulation
Deceased bone quality
Osteonecrosis
Fracture
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Evaluation (side effects )
Patients receiving long-term glucocorticoid
therapy should wear medication
identification jewelry
Measurement of the patient’s height
Laboratory testing should be performed
Measurement of bone mineral density
and plain films
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Evaluation (side effects )
Patients receiving long-term glucocorticoid
therapy should wear medication
identification jewelry
Measurement of the patient’s height
Laboratory testing should be performed
Measurement of bone mineral density
and plain films
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Evaluation (side effects )
Patients receiving long-term glucocorticoid
therapy should wear medication
identification jewelry
Measurement of the patient’s height
Laboratory testing should be performed
Measurement of bone mineral density
and plain films
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Evaluation (side effects )
Patients receiving long-term glucocorticoid
therapy should wear medication
identification jewelry
Measurement of the patient’s height
Laboratory testing should be performed
Measurement of bone mineral density
and plain films
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


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Evaluation (side effects )
Patients receiving long-term glucocorticoid
therapy should wear medication
identification jewelry
Measurement of the patient’s height
Laboratory testing should be performed
Measurement of bone mineral density
and plain films
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


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Evaluation (side effects )
Patients receiving long-term glucocorticoid
therapy should wear medication
identification jewelry
Measurement of the patient’s height
Laboratory testing should be performed
Measurement of bone mineral density
and plain films
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Persistant hip,knee, shoulder pain
especially with movement
MRI needed for diagnosis
Incidence :5-40%
Mechanisms: fat embolism, vascular
thrombosis, osteocyte apoptosis
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adequate calcium supplementation
(1200mg)
adequate vitamin D supplementation (800
to 2000 IU )
Bisphosphonates are considered to be
the first-line options for the treatment
(alendronate,risedronate,and zoledronic
acid)
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Alendronate, 10 mg/ day or 70 mg/wk
Advantage:
Osteoclast inhibition, reduces bone loss and
reduces vertebral fractures in patients with
glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis
alendronate also prevents glucocorticoidinduced osteocyte apoptosis;
if glucocorticoid therapy is discontinued,
these drugs can be stopped
Disadvantage
*Do not directly address the decreased bone
formation that is characteristic of
glucocorticoid-induced bone disease and have
not been shown to reduce hip fractures;
*Gastrointestinal side effects
*Musculoskeletal discomfort
* Osteonecrosis of the jaw, uveitis
* Atypical femoral fractures
* Bisphosphonates should be avoided in patients
with creatinine clearance of ≤30 ml/min
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Dose:5 mg/yr, IV
Advantage:
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Osteoclast inhibition reduces
bone loss; more rapid onset of
skeletal effects
Disadvantage :
 Acute-phase reaction
(flue-like syndrome),can be
effectively managed with
acetaminophen or ibuprofen
Teriparatide
(forteo)
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Dose :20 μg/day,SC for 2 yrs , followed by
bisphosphonate treatment for as long as
glucocorticoids are required
directly addresses the increase in osteoblast
and osteocyte apoptosis and the decrease in
osteoblast number, bone formation,
and bone strength that are characteristic of
glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis
and reduces vertebral fractures
Teriparatide
(forteo)
Disadvantage
 Costs are greater than with oral or intravenous bisphosphonates
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daily injections are required
Response is reduced when teriparatide is given with high-dose
glucocorticoids;
 it has not been studied in patients with elevated PTH levels
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Adverse effects include
mild hypercalcemia, headache, nausea, legcramps, dizziness;
Caution must be taken in patients nephrolithiasis
serum calcium should be checked at least once 16 hours or more
after injection and oral calcium intake adjusted as needed
Dose : 60 mg every 6 mo, SC
A potent inhibitor of osteoclasts,
with ease of administration
It can be stopped if glucocorticoids ar discontinued
It can be used in patients with creatinineclearance of ≤30 ml/min
Denosumab does not address the reduced bone formation
caused by glucocorticoid excess
Hypocalcemia and vitamin D deficiency must be treated before the
use of denosumab
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More data are needed to predict the risk of
fractures among patients taking
glucocorticoids and to establish clinical
thresholds for intervention
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Additional studies are needed to determine
the minimum dose of glucocorticoids and
duration of therapy thatwarrant interventions
to prevent fractures
A 55-year-old woman with severe, persistent asthma
requiring glucocorticoid therapy for the past 3 months
presents for care. Her medications include albuterol,
inhaled fluticasone with salmeterol, montelukast, and
prednisone (at a dose of 10 mg/day). In the past, she
received several intermittent courses of prednisone at a
dose of 15 mg or more .
Her weight is 45.5 kg (100 lb), and her height 157.5 cm
the body-mass index is 18.
Scattered wheezing is heard during expiration.
Findings on vertebral percussion and rib-cage
compression are unremarkable.
How should her case be evaluated and managed to
minimize the risk of fractures
Slender
 Age
 taking prednisone at a dose of 10 mg daily
for 3 months, and previously received
 higher doses of glucocorticoids
 Underlying asthma disease
 Other asthma therapies should be used
as efficiently as possible in an effort to taper
the prednisone
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BMD
Plain film or Vertebral morphometric
assessment
Adequate intake of Ca and vit.D
Bisphosphonate
Teriparatide
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