Download The hereditary information in the fertilized egg cell determines the

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The Cell
Andreas Matouschek
Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology
Northwestern University
What’s required for life?
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The need for energy ( to fight entropy)
Figure 2-37 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Organism – organ‐ tissue‐cell
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Organism – organ‐ tissue‐cell
E. coli cells
Figure 1-29 Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition (© Garland Science 2008)
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Yeast cells
Figure 1-42 Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition (© Garland Science 2008)
More cells (Protists)
Figure 1-41 Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition (© Garland Science 2008)
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Cellular drama:
A cell eating another cell
Figure 1-32 Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition (© Garland Science 2008)
Cellular drama: viruses infecting a cell
Figure 1-27b Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition (© Garland Science 2008)
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Organism – organ‐ tissue‐cell
Organisms grow out of a single cell – the egg
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Human cells
Figure 7-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
The organization of life ‐ and cells
Figure 1-21 Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition (© Garland Science 2008)
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A human cell in detail
Figure 1-30 Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition (© Garland Science 2008)
The inside of the cell is crowded
Figure 2-49 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
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What are cells made from:
•
•
•
•
•
Small metabolites and other molecules
Sugars
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Sugars
Figure 2-18 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
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Sugars: individual units are linked together into long chains to form different forms of polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, etc.)
Figure 2-75a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
ATP: the US dollar of cellular energy
Figure 2-26 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
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Glucose metabolism
Figure 2-84 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Glucose metabolism: one small part
Figure 2-88 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
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What are cells made from:
•
•
•
•
•
Small metabolites and other molecules
Sugars
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Lipids: phospholipids made from fats
Figure 10-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
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Phospholipids in water form membranes
Figure 2-22 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Figure 1-12 Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition (© Garland Science 2008)
Lipids: cholesterol
Figure 10-4 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
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A human cell in detail
Figure 1-30 Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition (© Garland Science 2008)
The cell membrane
Figure 10-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
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A human cell with internal membranes
Figure 12-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Internal membranes form compartments:
mitochondria
Figure 1-33 Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition (© Garland Science 2008)
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Internal membranes communicate with each other through vesicles
Figure 12-5 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
The organization of life ‐ and cells
Figure 1-21 Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition (© Garland Science 2008)
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What are cells made from:
•
•
•
•
•
Small metabolites and other molecules
Sugars
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
What is the genetic material?
or
What is the matter of inheritance?
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Dividing and nondividing cells
Figure 4-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
What is the genetic material?
or
What is the matter of inheritance?
• Chromosomes are distributed to daughter cells
• Chromosomes are made from roughly equal parts of DNA and protein
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A major form of nucleic acid DNA
Figure 4-4 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
The DNA double helix
Figure 4-5a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
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Proteins are made from amino acids
Cooper, The Cell 3rd edition ASM Press and Sinauer Associates 2003
A protein (Elongation factor Tu)
Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
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Determining the nature of the genetic material
Frederick Griffith 1920s
Determining the nature of the genetic material
Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty 1948
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Cellular drama: viruses infecting a cell
Figure 1-27b Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition (© Garland Science 2008)
Determining the nature of the genetic material
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Cellular drama: viruses infecting a cell
The organization of life ‐ and cells
Figure 1-21 Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition (© Garland Science 2008)
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The Hershey-Chase Experiment
(1952)
Protein Coat Labeled DNA is Labeled
with 35S
with 32P
Remove
Phage Coats
Remove
Phage Coats
Infected Cells are Not Labeled
Infected Cells are 32P-Labeled
DNA, the genetic material, forms a double stranded helix
Figure 1-2d,e Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition (© Garland Science 2008)
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DNA encodes protein chains
Figure 1-4 Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition (© Garland Science 2008)
Protein chains fold into structures
Figure 1-7a Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition (© Garland Science 2008)
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And the structures have functions or activities
Figure 1-7b Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition (© Garland Science 2008)
And there are lots of genes on a chromosome
Figure 6-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
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Two very different human cells:
Do the contain the same DNA?
Figure 7-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Can the DNA from a particular cell regenerate the whole organism?
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Can the DNA from a particular cell regenerate the whole organism?
Figure 7-2b Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Can the DNA from a particular cell regenerate the whole organism?
Figure 7-2a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
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Can the DNA from a particular cell regenerate the whole organism?
Can the DNA from a particular cell regenerate the whole organism?
Figure 7-2c Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
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The stretch of DNA that encodes a protein is called a gene
Figure 6-3 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Regulating how much protein to make
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Cell division and the organism
Figure 17-9 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
The cell division cycle
Figure 17-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
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The cell division cycle
Figure 17-14 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
The cytoskeleton in cell division
Figure 17-49a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
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Cell division, differentiation and organs
Figure 23-3 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Stem cells and differentiation
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Stem cells and differentiation
Embryonic stem cells
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Embryonic stem cells:
Where from?
Embryonic stem cells:
Where from?
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When differentiation goes wrong:
Cancer
When differentiation goes wrong:
Cancer
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