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Transcript 
Lecture 23 Class: Later Development
Starter:
The following characteristics are either SIMILAR between inductive signals and maternal factors, or
DIFFERENT. Write out information about each characteristic, and then decide for each which is the best
descriptor (SIMILAR or DIFFERENT).
Characteristic
Source of the signaling
molecule:
Signal transcribed from
organism DNA (yes or no)
Present in the cytoplasm of the
unfertilized egg (yes or no)
Developmental stage where
each is seen
Use cell-surface receptors (yes
or no)
Inductive signals
Neighboring cells in the
embryo
Cytoplasmic
determinants
Mother
Similar or
Different?
Different
Uneven distribution in the new
organism (describe where)
Signal turns on or off genes (yes
or no)
Gastrulation video: http://youtu.be/qisrNX3QjUg
Lecture 23 Page 1
Cell migration in development:
In an experiment on the effect of PDGF on mesoderm cells, the cells were placed on two different tissue
cultures: one with a normal gradient of PDGF, and one with tissue plus a chemical that blocks the translation
of PDGF. Which shows the result of the normal gradient?
Martina Nagel, Emilios Tahinci, Karen Symes, and Rudolf Winklbauer. Guidance of mesoderm cell
migration in the Xenopus gastrula requires PDGF signaling. Development 2004 131:2727-2736.
Lecture 23 Page 2
Neurulation:
Normal
Transplant
`
BMP4, noggin.
Lecture 23 Page 3
Cytoskeletal elements in Development:
Discuss with your neighbor the roles of actin and microtubules in:
1. Mitosis
2. Fertilization
3. Gastrulation
4. Neural tube formation (neurulation)
Practice problems:
Without the formulation of an ectoderm, vertebrates would not form:
A. A nervous system
B. A liver
C. A skeletal system
In an animal, skin cells and cells that line the gut have different structures and characteristics because they
have different:
A. Genes
B. Genetic codes
C. mRNA
During development, inductive signals:
A. Are evenly expressed in the zygote
B. Bind to DNA in the zygote
C. Involve interaction between cells
D. Are deposited by maternal cells
The archenteron of the developing frog eventually develops into which structure?
A. reproductive organs
B. Blastocoel
C. Digestive tract
D. Nervous system
Lecture 23 Page 4
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