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10 Basic Statistics Concepts 1. Mean and Median Mean is the average value, calculated by adding all the observations and dividing by the number of observations. Median is the midpoint of a distribution, the number such that half the observations are smaller and the other half is larger ... 2. Variance, Standard deviation (SD) and Standard error of the mean (SEM) The variance and standard deviation are measures of variability of a set of observations. The standard error of the mean (SEM) quantifies how accurately you predict the true mean of the population from a sample ... 3. Normal Distribution The normal distribution, also called a Gaussian distribution, is a symmetric bell-shaped probability distribution ... 4. Hypothesis and P-value Many research projects involve making a hypothesis and then collecting data to test that hypothesis. There are two types of hypotheses... 5. Type I and Type II error and Power Two errors are possible when we test a hypothesis since there is always a chance that what we observed in the sample is not true for the population ... 6. T-test to compare the means of two samples The t-test assesses whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other ... a. Two Independent Samples b. Two dependent samples - Paired/Matched Samples 7. One-way ANOVA The ANOVA is a method for comparing the equality of means from two or more study groups ... 8. Chi-square Test and Fisher's exact test Chi-square test can be used to compare the proportions in two or more groups ... 9. Relative risk (RR) and Odds ratio (OR) Both relative risk and odds ratio compare the likelihood of an event between two groups ... 10. Sensitivity and Specificity, Positive predictive value (PPV) and Negative predictive value (NPV) Sensitivity and specificity measure the performance of a binary classification test, for example, quantifying the diagnostic capability of a test ... Selection of Appropriate Statistical Tests How to select an appropriate statistical test based on your study design and data ...
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