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28 The solar system object in the photograph below is 56 kilometers long. The object in the photograph is most likely (1) an asteroid (2) Neptune (3) Earth’s Moon (4) Mercury 29 Which graph best shows the range of density in each of Earth’s layers? 12 12 12 12 10 8 6 4 10 8 6 4 10 8 6 4 8 6 4 0 0 0 0 (1) P.S./E. Sci.–Jan. ’12 Layer O u co ter re In co ner re O u co ter re In co ner re O u co ter re In co ner re Layer Layer (2) (3) [8] Cr us t M an tle 2 Cr us t M an tle 2 Cr us t M an tle 2 Cr us t M an tle 2 O u co ter re In co ner re 10 Density (g/cm3) 14 Density (g/cm3) 14 Density (g/cm3) 14 Density (g/cm3) 14 Layer (4) Base your answers to questions 58 and 59 on the table below, which shows weather data recorded at Albany, New York. Data Table Location Temperature (°F) Dewpoint (°F) Cloud Cover (%) Pressure (mb) Wind Direction Wind Speed (knots) Albany 58 36 25 1017.0 from the west 20 58 Complete the station model in your answer booklet, using the proper format to accurately represent these six weather conditions. [1] 59 State one reason why rain was unlikely at the time the data was collected. Support your answer by using the data. [1] Base your answers to questions 60 and 61 on the passage below. Average temperatures on Earth are primarily the result of the total amount of insolation absorbed by Earth’s surface and atmosphere compared to the amount of long-wave energy radiated back into space. Scientists believe that the addition of greenhouse gases into Earth’s atmosphere gradually increases global temperatures. 60 Identify one major greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming. [1] 61 Explain how increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere increases global temperatures. [1] Base your answers to questions 62 and 63 on the diagram below, which shows Earth’s orbit and the orbit of a comet within our solar system. Comet Sun Earth (Not drawn to scale) 62 Explain how this comet’s orbit illustrates the heliocentric model of our solar system. [1] 63 Explain why the time required for one revolution of the comet is more than the time required for one revolution of Earth. [1] PS/E. Sci.–Jan. ’11 [18] 53 The photograph below shows an impact crater approximately 1 mile wide located in Diablo Canyon, Arizona. Describe the event that produced this crater. [1] Barringer Crater, Arizona, U.S.A. (photo courtesy of NASA) 54 A weather station records the following data: Air pressure is 1,001.0 millibars. Wind is from the south. Wind speed is 25 knots. Using the proper weather map symbols, place this information in the correct locations on the weather station model provided in your answer booklet. [3] 55 On the United States time zone map provided in your answer booklet, indicate the standard time in each time zone when it is 9 a.m. in the Central Time Zone. The dashed lines represent the standard-time meridians for each time zone. Be sure to indicate the time for all three zones. [1] P.S./E. Sci.–Aug. ’02 [14] Base your answers to questions 45 through 47 on the data table below, which shows information about the four largest asteroids found in our solar system. Data Table Name Average Diameter (kilometers) Period of Revolution (years) Ceres 848.4 4.60 Pallas 498.1 4.61 Juno 247.0 4.36 Vesta 468.3 3.63 45 The asteroids shown in the data table are located between the orbits of (1) Venus and Earth (3) Mars and Jupiter (2) Earth and Mars (4) Jupiter and Saturn 46 Compared to the diameter of Earth’s Moon, the diameter of Ceres is about (1) one-fourth of the Moon’s diameter (2) one-half of the Moon’s diameter (3) twice the diameter of the Moon (4) four times the diameter of the Moon 47 The surface rocks of Vesta contain significant amounts of the mineral pyroxene. If rocks on Vesta are similar to rocks on Earth, which two igneous rocks would most likely be found on the surface of Vesta? (1) basalt and scoria (3) peridotite and pumice (2) dunite and granite (4) rhyolite and pegmatite P.S./E. Sci.–August ’09 [13] [OVER] 29 Which diagram most accurately represents the relative diameters of Earth and Mercury? Earth Earth Mercury Mercury (1) (3) Mercury Earth Earth (2) Mercury (4) 30 Which diagram represents the tilt of Earth’s axis relative to the Sun’s rays on December 15? N Pole S Pole (1) N Pole N Pole Sun’s Sun’s Sun’s Sun’s rays rays rays rays S Pole (2) (3) S Pole (4) 31 The cross section below shows four rock units, A, B, C, and D. Key Contact metamorphism Igneous rock Which rock unit is youngest in age? (1) A (2) B P.S./E. Sci.– June ’11 (3) C (4) D [6] 10 Which pair of shaded circles best represents the relative sizes of Earth and Venus when drawn to scale? Earth Venus Earth (1) Earth Venus (2) Venus (3) Earth Venus (4) 11 The weather instrument below is used to determine dewpoint and relative humidity. °C °C 50 40 50 40 30 20 30 20 10 0 10 0 Wet cloth wick Reservoir of water Based on the temperatures shown, the approximate dewpoint and relative humidity are (1) –19°C and 4% (3) 8°C and 40% (2) –5°C and 25% (4) 12°C and 53% P.S./E. Sci.–Aug. ’08 [3] [OVER] 8 The bar graph below shows one planetary characteristic, identified as X, plotted for the planets of our solar system. Planet Characteristic Characteristic X 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 Planet un e pt Ne an us Ur ur n Sa t te r Ju pi ar s M Ea rth Ve nu s M er cu ry 0.00 Which characteristic of the planets in our solar system is represented by X? (1) mass (3) eccentricity of orbit (2) density (4) period of rotation 0° Latitude (1) P.S./E. Sci.–June ’09 90° N 0° Latitude 90° N (2) Average Surface Temperature Average Surface Temperature Average Surface Temperature Average Surface Temperature 9 Which graph best represents the general relationship between latitude and average surface temperature? 0° Latitude (3) [3] 90° N 0° Latitude 90° N (4) [OVER] 0.300 0.250 0.200 0.150 0.100 0.050 0 Eccentricity Eccentricity 11 Which bar graph correctly shows the orbital eccentricity of the planets in our solar system? M V E M J Planets S U N 0.300 0.250 0.200 0.150 0.100 0.050 0 M V E 0.300 0.250 0.200 0.150 0.100 0.050 0 M V E M J S U N S U N (3) Eccentricity Eccentricity (1) M Planets J Planets S U N 0.300 0.250 0.200 0.150 0.100 0.050 0 M (2) V E M J Planets (4) 12 The diagram below shows Earth in its orbit around the Sun. Positions A, B, C, and D represent Earth at the beginning of each season. Position D N S Position A N N Position C Sun S S N S Position B (Not drawn to scale) At which lettered position of Earth does New York State experience the first day of summer? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D P.S./E. Sci.–Jan. ’08 [3] [OVER] Part A Answer all questions in this part. Directions (1–35): For each statement or question, write on your separate answer sheet the number of the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. Some questions may require the use of the Earth Science Reference Tables. 6 The diagram below represents the elliptical orbit of a moon revolving around a planet. The foci of this orbit are the points labeled F1 and F2. 1 Which list of three planets and Earth’s Moon is arranged in order of increasing equatorial diameter? (1) Earth’s Moon, Pluto, Mars, Mercury (2) Pluto, Earth’s Moon, Mercury, Mars (3) Mercury, Mars, Earth’s Moon, Pluto (4) Mars, Mercury, Pluto, Earth’s Moon Moon Planet 2 If Earth’s axis were tilted 35° instead of 23.5°, the average temperatures in New York State would most likely (1) decrease in both summer and winter (2) decrease in summer and increase in winter (3) increase in summer and decrease in winter (4) increase in both summer and winter F1 F2 (Drawn to scale) 3 Which star has a higher luminosity and a lower temperature than the Sun? (1) Rigel (3) Alpha Centauri (2) Barnard’s Star (4) Aldebaran What is the approximate eccentricity of this elliptical orbit? (1) 0.3 (3) 0.7 (2) 0.5 (4) 1.4 4 Starlight from distant galaxies provides evidence that the universe is expanding because this starlight shows a shift in wavelength toward the (1) red-light end of the visible spectrum (2) blue-light end of the visible spectrum (3) ultraviolet-ray end of the electromagnetic spectrum (4) gamma-ray end of the electromagnetic spectrum 7 The coldest climates on Earth are located at or near the poles primarily because Earth’s polar regions (1) receive mostly low-angle insolation (2) receive less total yearly hours of daylight (3) absorb the greatest amount of insolation (4) are usually farthest from the Sun 8 Compared to an inland location, a location on an ocean shore at the same elevation and latitude is likely to have (1) cooler winters and cooler summers (2) cooler winters and warmer summers (3) warmer winters and cooler summers (4) warmer winters and warmer summers 5 On which day of the year would the intensity of insolation at Kingston, New York, most likely be greatest? (1) March 21 (3) September 23 (2) June 21 (4) December 21 P.S./E. Sci.–June ’05 [2] Part A Answer all questions in this part. Directions (1–35): For each statement or question, write on your separate answer sheet the number of the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. Some questions may require the use of the Earth Science Reference Tables. 5 The diagram below is a constructed ellipse. F1 and F2 are the foci of the ellipse. 1 One complete cycle of the phases of the Moon takes approximately one (1) day (3) month (2) week (4) year 2 The diagram below shows the Moon at four positions in its orbit around Earth. F1 F2 1 Earth 2 North Pole 4 The eccentricity of this constructed ellipse is closest to the eccentricity of the orbit of which planet? (1) Mercury (3) Saturn (2) Earth (4) Pluto Rays from the Sun 6 The diagram below shows the noontime shadow cast by a vertical post located in New York State. 3 (Not drawn to scale) D An observer on Earth could see a solar eclipse when the Moon is at position (1) 1 (3) 3 (2) 2 (4) 4 C A B 3 Which two stars have the most similar luminosity and temperature? (1) Betelgeuse and Barnard’s Star (2) Rigel and Betelgeuse (3) Alpha Centauri and the Sun (4) Sirius and Procyon B Which letter indicates a location west of the post? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D 4 Which planet would float if it could be placed in water? (1) Mercury (3) Saturn (2) Earth (4) Pluto P.S./E. Sci.–Aug. ’04 7 On March 21, at which location in New York State would sunrise occur first? (1) Riverhead (3) Buffalo (2) Syracuse (4) Massena [2] Part A Answer all questions in this part. Directions (1–35): For each statement or question, write on your separate answer sheet the number of the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. Some questions may require the use of the Earth Science Reference Tables. 1 A Foucault pendulum appears to change its direction of swing over a period of several hours because of Earth’s (1) rotation (3) tilted axis (2) revolution (4) gravity 4 The diagrams below represent Earth’s ocean tides at four different positions of the Moon. Which diagram shows the Moon position that will produce the highest high tides and the lowest low tides? (The diagrams are not drawn to scale.) Key 2 The same side of the Moon always faces Earth because the (1) Moon’s period of rotation is longer than its period of revolution around Earth (2) Moon’s period of rotation is shorter than its period of revolution around Earth (3) Moon rotates once as it completes one revolution around Earth (4) Moon does not rotate as it completes one revolution around Earth E = Earth M = Moon H = High tide L = Low tide M H L Sun M H E H Sun L L (3) Sun E H H H L Sun L L M Star F2 (2) L E H M (4) 5 From which New York State location would Polaris be observed to have an altitude closest to 43° above the northern horizon? (1) Binghamton (3) Watertown (2) Utica (4) New York City What is the approximate eccentricity of this ellipse? (1) 0.22 (3) 0.68 (2) 0.47 (4) 1.47 P.S./E. Sci.–Aug. ’06 L H (1) 3 The diagram below shows the elliptical orbit of a planet revolving around a star. The star and F2 are the foci of this ellipse. E [2] Part B–2 Answer all questions in this part. Directions (51–65): Record your answers in the spaces provided in your answer booklet. Some questions may require the use of the Earth Science Reference Tables. Base your answers to questions 51 through 53 on the diagram below, which represents a model of Earth’s orbit. Earth is closest to the Sun at one point in its orbit (perihelion) and farthest from the Sun at another point in its orbit (aphelion). The Sun and point B represent the foci of this orbit. Earth at perihelion Sun B Earth at aphelion Foci (Not drawn to scale) 51 Explain why Earth’s orbit is considered to be elliptical. [1] 52 Describe the change that takes place in the gravitational attraction between Earth and the Sun as Earth moves from perihelion to aphelion and back to perihelion during one year. [1] 53 Describe how the shape of Earth’s orbit would differ if the Sun and focus B were farther apart. [1] P.S./E. Sci.–August ’09 [15] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 67 and 68 on the diagram of the ellipse below. F1 F2 67 Calculate the eccentricity of the ellipse to the nearest thousandth. [1] 68 State how the eccentricity of the given ellipse compares to the eccentricity of the orbit of Mars. [1] P.S./E. Sci.–June ’03 [21] [OVER] 13 Which characteristics of a building material would provide the most energy-absorbing exterior covering for a house? (1) dark colored and smooth textured (2) dark colored and rough textured (3) light colored and smooth textured (4) light colored and rough textured 8 The diagram below represents a simple geocentric model. Which object is represented by the letter X? x 14 When the time of day for a certain ship at sea is 12 noon, the time of day at the Prime Meridian (0° longitude) is 5 p.m. What is the ship’s longitude? (1) 45° W (3) 75° W (2) 45° E (4) 75° E ( Not drawn to scale ) (1) Earth (2) Sun (3) Moon (4) Polaris 15 The occurrence of parallel scratches on bedrock in a U-shaped valley indicates that the area has most likely been eroded by (1) a glacier (3) waves (2) a stream (4) wind 9 Which condition would cause surface runoff to increase in a particular location? (1) covering a dirt road with pavement (2) reducing the gradient of a steep hill (3) planting grasses and shrubs on a hillside (4) having a decrease in the annual rainfall 16 Which weather change usually occurs when the difference between the air temperature and the dewpoint temperature is decreasing? (1) The amount of cloud cover decreases. (2) The probability of precipitation decreases. (3) The relative humidity increases. (4) The barometric pressure increases. 10 An increase in which gas would cause the most greenhouse warming of Earth’s atmosphere? (1) nitrogen (3) carbon dioxide (2) oxygen (4) hydrogen 11 Scientists believe that Earth’s early atmosphere changed in composition as a result of (1) the appearance of oxygen-producing organisms (2) the drifting of the continents (3) the changes in Earth’s magnetic field (4) a transfer of gases from the Sun 17 In which list are the forms of electromagnetic energy arranged in order from longest to shortest wavelengths? (1) gamma rays, x rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light (2) radio waves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays (3) x rays, infrared rays, blue light, gamma rays (4) infrared rays, radio waves, blue light, red light 12 Which atmospheric conditions would cause smoke from a campfire on a beach to blow toward the ocean? (1) warm air over the land and cool air over the ocean (2) humid air over the land and dry air over the ocean (3) low-density air over the land and highdensity air over the ocean (4) high air pressure over the land and low air pressure over the ocean P.S. E./Sci.–June ’02 18 On a clear summer day, the surface of land is usually warmer than the surface of a nearby body of water because the water (1) receives less insolation (2) reflects less insolation (3) has a higher density (4) has a higher specific heat [4] 33 The photographs below show the surface of the Moon as seen from Earth over an 80-minute period during a single night. Which motion is responsible for this changing appearance of the Moon? (1) The Moon moves into the shadow of Earth. (2) The Moon moves into the shadow of the Sun. (3) The Sun moves into the shadow of Earth. (4) The Sun moves into the shadow of the Moon. 34 The diagram below shows cutaway views of the inferred interior layers of the planets Mercury and Venus. Mercury Venus an Ma M Core (nickeliron) ntle (rock) oc tle (r k) Core (nickeliron) (Not drawn to scale) What is the reason for the development of the interior layers of these two planets? (1) Impact events added the mantle rock above the cores. (2) Heat from the Sun melted the surface rocks to form the mantles above the cores. (3) Gravity separated the cores and mantles due to their density differences. (4) Rapid heat loss caused the cores to solidify before the mantles. P.S./E. Sci.–August ’09 [8] Base your answers to questions 59 and 60 on the data table below, which provides information about four of Jupiter’s moons. Data Table Moons of Density Jupiter (g/cm3) Io Europa Ganymede Callisto 3.5 3.0 1.9 1.9 Diameter (km) Distance from Jupiter (km) 3630 3138 5262 4800 421,600 670,900 1,070,000 1,883,000 59 Identify the planet in our solar system that is closest in diameter to Callisto. [1] 60 In 1610, Galileo was the first person to observe, with the aid of a telescope, these four moons orbiting Jupiter. Explain why Galileo’s observation of this motion did not support the geocentric model of our solar system. [1] Base your answers to questions 61 and 62 on the cross section below, which shows a portion of Earth’s interior layers and the location of an earthquake epicenter. Letter A represents a seismic station on Earth’s surface. Letter B represents a location in Earth’s interior. A Mantle Outer core B Earthquake epicenter Inner core (Not drawn to scale) 61 Explain why seismic station A receives P-waves but not S-waves from this earthquake. [1] 62 What is the approximate depth at location B? P.S./E. Sci.–June ’08 [18] [1] Part C Answer all questions in this part. Directions (66–85): Record your answers in the spaces provided in your answer booklet. Some questions may require the use of the 2010 Edition Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science. Base your answers to questions 66 through 68 on the table below, which shows information about five large objects in the Kuiper Belt. The Kuiper Belt is located approximately 30 to 1000 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun. An astronomical unit is the average distance between Earth and the Sun, 149.6 million kilometers. Kuiper Belt Data Orbit Characteristics Kuiper Belt Objects Closest Distance to the Sun (AU) Farthest Distance from the Sun (AU) Eccentricity Approximate Equatorial Diameter (km) Varuna 40.47 45.13 0.053 900 Eris 37.77 97.56 0.442 2400 Quaoar 41.92 45.28 0.039 1260 Sedna 76.15 975.05 0.855 1500 Ixion 30.04 49.36 0.243 1065 66 The diagram in your answer booklet shows the orbits of some of the planets in our solar system. The approximate average distances from the Sun, in astronomical units, are indicated. On the diagram, place an X to show the closest distance of Ixion to the Sun. [1] 67 On the graph in your answer booklet, construct a bar graph of the equatorial diameter of each of the Kuiper Belt objects listed in the table. The diameter of Earth’s Moon has been graphed for comparison. [1] 68 Identify the Kuiper Belt object with the longest period of revolution and state the evidence that supports that conclusion. [1] 69 On the weather station model in your answer booklet, using the proper format, record the four weather conditions shown below. [1] Dewpoint: Air pressure: Wind: Wind speed: P.S./E. Sci.–June ’11 48°F 998.3 mb from the southeast 10 knots [17] [OVER] Part B–1 Answer all questions in this part. Directions (36–50): For each statement or question, write on your separate answer sheet the number of the the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. Some questions may require the use of the Earth Science Reference Tables. Base your answers to questions 36 through 38 on the diagram below, which represents the elliptical orbit of a planet traveling around a star. Points A, B, C, and D are four positions of this planet in its orbit. D A Star C Foci Direction of movement B (Drawn to scale) 36 The calculated eccentricity of this orbit is approximately (1) 0.1 (3) 0.3 (2) 0.2 (4) 0.4 38 As the planet revolves in orbit from position A to position D, the orbital velocity will (1) continually decrease (2) continually increase (3) decrease, then increase (4) increase, then decrease 37 The gravitational attraction between the star and the planet will be greatest at position (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D P.S. E./Sci.–June ’02 [8] Part B–1 Answer all questions in this part. Directions (36–50): For each statement or question, write on your separate answer sheet the number of the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. Some questions may require the use of the Earth Science Reference Tables. Base your answers to questions 36 through 39 on the passage and diagram below. The diagram shows the orbits of the four inner planets and the asteroid Hermes around the Sun. Point A represents a position along Hermes’ orbit. The Curious Tale of Asteroid Hermes It’s dogma [accepted belief] now: an asteroid hit Earth 65 million years ago and wiped out the dinosaurs. But in 1980 when scientists Walter and Luis Alvarez first suggested the idea to a gathering at the American Association for Advancement of Sciences, their listeners were skeptical. Asteroids hitting Earth? Wiping out species? It seemed incredible. At that very moment, unknown to the audience, an asteroid named Hermes halfway between Mars and Jupiter was beginning a long plunge toward our planet. Six months later it would pass 300,000 miles from Earth’s orbit, only a little more than the distance to the Moon…. Hermes approaches Earth’s orbit twice every 777 days. Usually our planet is far away when the orbit crossing happens, but in 1937, 1942, 1954, 1974 and 1986, Hermes came harrowingly [dangerously] close to Earth itself. We know about most of these encounters only because Lowell Observatory astronomer Brian Skiff rediscovered Hermes on Oct. 15, 2003. Astronomers around the world have been tracking it carefully ever since.… Excerpted from “The Curious Tale of Asteroid Hermes,” Dr. Tony Phillips, Science @ NASA, November 3, 2003 Orbit of Asteroid Hermes Mercury Sun Mars A Venus Earth (Not drawn to scale) P.S./E. Sci.–June ’08 [12] Base your answers to questions 64 and 65 on the graph below, which shows the distance from the Sun and the period of revolution for four planets in our solar system labeled A, B, C, and D. Periods of Planetary Revolution 200 180 D Period of Revolution (in Earth years) 160 140 120 100 C 80 60 B 40 A 20 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Distance from Sun (million km) 64 State the name of each of the planets represented by A, B, C, and D. [1] 65 Describe the relationship between the distance from the Sun and the period of revolution for these four planets. [1] PS/E. Sci.–Jan. ’11 [19] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 63 through 65 on the data table below, which shows the average distance from the Sun, the average surface temperature, and the average orbital velocity for each planet in our solar system. Data Table Planet Mercury Average Distance from Sun (millions of km) Average Surface Temperature (°C) Average Orbital Velocity (km/sec) 58 167 47.9 Venus 108 457 35.0 Earth 150 14 29.8 Mars 228 –55 24.1 Jupiter 778 –153 13.1 Saturn 1427 –185 9.7 Uranus 2869 –214 6.8 Neptune 4496 –225 5.4 63 State the relationship between the average distance from the Sun and the average surface temperature of the Jovian planets. [1] 64 Venus has an atmosphere composed mostly of carbon dioxide. Mercury has almost no atmosphere. Explain how the presence of the carbon dioxide in Venus’ atmosphere causes the average surface temperature on Venus to be higher than the average surface temperature on Mercury. [1] 65 On the graph in your answer booklet, draw a line to indicate the general relationship between a planet’s average distance from the Sun and its average orbital velocity. [1] P.S./E. Sci.–Jan. ’09 [20] Base your answers to questions 66 through 69 on the graph below, which shows two conditions responsible for the formation and composition of some planets in our solar system. The distances of Earth and Neptune from the Sun, in astronomical units (AU), are shown beneath the horizontal axis. (1 AU = 149.6 million kilometers). The plotted line on this graph shows the relationship between a planet’s distance from the Sun and the inferred temperature at its formation. The regions within the graph indicate the composition of planets formed within these zones. Temperature That Existed When Some Planets Formed (K) Main Composition of Planets Aluminum oxide 1,500 Iron 1,000 Silicates 500 Carbon-rich silicates 0 Frozen gases 0 5 Earth 10 15 20 Distance from the Sun (AU)* 25 30 Neptune * 1 AU equals the average distance from Earth to the Sun or 149.6 million kilometers. 66 According to the graph, Neptune was mainly composed of which material at the time of its formation? [1] 67 Saturn is located 9.5 AU from the Sun. State the approximate temperature at which Saturn formed. [1] 68 State the relationship between a planet’s distance from the Sun and the temperature at which that planet formed. [1] 69 What is Jupiter’s distance from the Sun, in astronomical units? Express your answer to the nearest tenth. [1] P.S./E. Sci.–Jan ’07 [22] 44 The table below shows the altitude and compass direction of one planet, as viewed by an observer in New York State at 10 p.m. on the first day of each month from April through November. Base your answers to questions 41 through 43 on the map below, which shows the location of the PeruChile Trench. North America South America Peru-Chile Trench Compass Direction April 20° SW May 23° SSW June 25° S July 29° SSE August 33° SE September 38° S October 42° SW November 45° S Which graph best represents a plot of this planet’s apparent path, as viewed by the observer over the 7-month period? 41 The Peru-Chile Trench marks the boundary between the (1) Pacific Plate and the Antarctic Plate (2) Nazca Plate and the South American Plate (3) North American Plate and the Cocos Plate (4) Caribbean Plate and the Scotia Plate 90 Altitude (∞) 90 45 42 In which diagram do the arrows best represent the motions of Earth’s crust at the Peru-Chile Trench? Trench Altitude Altitude (∞) Pacific Ocean Month 0 Trench 45 0 E SE S SW W Compass Direction (1) Trench 45 Trench 0 (2) Altitude (∞) (3) (1) 45 E SE S SW W Compass Direction (2) (4) (3) 90 Altitude (∞) 90 E SE S SW W Compass Direction 0 E SE S SW W Compass Direction (4) 43 Which observation provides the best evidence of the pattern of crustal movement at the PeruChile Trench? (1) the direction of flow of warm ocean currents (2) the mineral composition of samples of mafic mantle rock (3) comparison of the rates of sediment deposition (4) the locations of shallow-focus and deepfocus earthquakes P.S. E./Sci.–June ’01 [9] [OVER] 8 The passage of the Moon into Earth’s shadow causes a (1) lunar eclipse (3) new Moon (2) solar eclipse (4) full Moon 4 The diagram below represents two planets in our solar system drawn to scale, Jupiter and planet A. Planet A Jupiter 9 The diagram below shows the latitude-longitude grid on an Earth model. Points A and B are locations on the surface. 75° Planet A most likely represents (1) Earth (3) Saturn (2) Venus (4) Uranus 60° 45° A B 30° 5 The graph below represents the brightness and temperature of stars visible from Earth. Bright 75° Supergiants C 0° 60° Luminosity in 15° 30° B en c qu e White Dwarfs Dim Hot On Earth, the solar time difference between point A and point B would be (1) 1 hour (3) 12 hours (2) 5 hours (4) 24 hours A Temperature Cool 10 The diagram below represents part of Earth’s latitude-longitude system. Which location on the graph best represents a star with average brightness and temperature? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D 45° 30° 15° 0° 15° 30° 45° 30° N 20° 6 The length of an Earth year is based on Earth’s (1) rotation of 15°/hr (2) revolution of 15°/hr (3) rotation of approximately 1°/day (4) revolution of approximately 1°/day 10° L 0° 10° 20° 7 Earth’s hydrosphere is best described as the (1) solid outer layer of Earth (2) liquid outer layer of Earth (3) magma layer located below Earth’s stiffer mantle (4) gaseous layer extending several hundred kilometers from Earth into space P.S. E./Sci.–June ’01 15° 0° Giants Se 30° 45° D Ma 15° 15° 90° 30° What is the latitude and longitude of point L? (1) 5° E 30° N (3) 5° N 30° E (2) 5° W 30° S (4) 5° S 30° W [3] [OVER] Planet (2) Mars Earth Mars Earth Planet (4) 11 Which two kinds of adjoining bedrock would most likely have a zone of contact metamorphism between them? (1) shale and conglomerate (2) shale and sandstone (3) limestone and sandstone (4) limestone and granite 10 An environmental scientist needs to prepare a report on the potential effects that a proposed surface mine in New York State will have on the watershed where the mine will be located. In which reference materials will the scientist find the most useful data with which to determine the watershed’s boundaries? (1) topographic maps (2) geologic time scales (3) tectonic plate maps (4) planetary wind maps P.S./E. Sci.–Aug. ’02 Venus Mercury Mars Earth Venus Mercury Period of Rotation Planet (3) Period of Rotation Planet (1) Venus Mercury Mars Earth Venus Mercury Period of Rotation Period of Rotation 9 Which graph best represents the relative periods of rotation of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars? [3] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 73 through 76 on the diagram below, which shows the heliocentric model of a part of our solar system. The planets closest to the Sun are shown. Point B is a location on Earth’s equator. B Earth Planet Sun Planet Planet Planet A (Not drawn to scale) 73 State the name of planet A. [1] 74 Explain why location B experiences both day and night in a 24-hour period. [1] 75 On the graph in your answer booklet, draw a line to show the general relationship between a planet’s distance from the Sun and the planet’s period of revolution. [1] 76 Identify one feature of the geocentric model of our solar system that differs from the heliocentric model shown. [1] P.S./E. Sci.–June ’09 [22] Part A Answer all questions in this part. Directions (1–35): For each statement or question, choose the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. Some questions may require the use of the 2010 Edition Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science. Record your answers on your separate answer sheet. 4 What evidence suggests that a mass extinction of the dinosaurs occurred at the end of the Cretaceous Period? (1) an absence of dinosaur fossils in Paleocene bedrock (2) drawings of dinosaurs made by humans in caves during the Paleocene Epoch (3) an abundance of dinosaur fossils in Early Cretaceous bedrock (4) evolution of dinosaurs during the Late Cretaceous Epoch 1 The diagram below shows the orbital paths of Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and a comet named Wild 2. Jupiter Sun Mars Earth Wild 2 5 Compared to Jovian planets, terrestrial planets have (1) larger masses (2) larger equatorial diameters (3) shorter periods of revolution (4) shorter periods of rotation (Not drawn to scale) What is the approximate distance between the Sun and Wild 2 when this comet is closest to the Sun? (1) 150 million kilometers (2) 228 million kilometers (3) 778 million kilometers (4) 820 million kilometers 6 The motion of a Foucault pendulum provides evidence that Earth (1) varies in distance from the Sun (2) is tilted on its axis (3) spins on its axis (4) travels around the Sun 7 In the Northern Hemisphere, planetary winds deflect to the (1) right, due to the Coriolis effect (2) right, due to the Doppler effect (3) left, due to the Coriolis effect (4) left, due to the Doppler effect 2 The Sun revolves around the center of (1) Polaris (2) Aldebaran (3) Earth (4) the Milky Way Galaxy 3 Which motion is responsible for the regular seasonal changes of the constellations visible in the night sky? (1) The stars orbit Earth. (2) The stars orbit the Sun. (3) The Moon orbits Earth. (4) Earth orbits the Sun. P.S./E. Sci.–Aug. ’11 8 Which air mass is associated with low relative humidity and high air temperature? (1) maritime polar (3) continental polar (2) maritime tropical (4) continental tropical [2] Base your answers to questions 66 and 67 on the diagram below, which shows the orbit of planet D around the star Upsilon Andromedae. The dashed lines show where the paths of the first four planets of our solar system would be located if they were going around Upsilon Andromedae instead of the Sun. All distances are drawn to scale. Mars Planet D Earth Venus Mercury Star Line of major axis of orbits Second focus of planet D’s orbit 66 Describe the eccentricity of planet D’s orbit relative to the eccentricities of the orbits of the planets shown in our solar system. [1] 67 Describe the changes in gravitational force between planet D and the star Upsilon Andromedae during one complete orbit around the star. Be sure to describe where the force is greatest and where the force is least. [1] P.S./E. Sci.–Jan. ’03 [24] Base your answer to question 50 on the diagram below. This diagram shows a portion of the solar system. Mars Mercury Venus Earth Sun Asteroid belt Uranus Saturn Jupiter (Not drawn to scale) 50 What is the average distance, in millions of kilometers, from the Sun to the asteriod belt? (1) 129 (2) 189 P.S./E. Sci.–Jan. ’09 (3) 503 (4) 857 [16] 10 Which sequence correctly shows the relative size of the nine planets of our solar system? (1) u to Pl une pt Ne us an Ur Sa tu r n uto Pl ne ptu Ne us an Ur n tur Sa er pit Ju rs Ma rth Ea s nu Ve cury r Me uto e Pl ptun Ne us an Ur n tur Sa er pit Ju rs Ma rth Ea s nu Ve ry rcu Me uto Pl ne ptu Ne us an Ur n tur er pit Ju Sa rs Ma rth Ea s nu y Vercur Me [OVER] [3] P.S./E. Sci.–June ’04 er pit Ju rs Ma r th Ea s nu Ve ry r cu Me (2) (3) (4)