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Literature What other scholars have to offer Alternative Methods • It's always good to check the robustness! Main Method • Bread and Peace (Hibbs) Alternatives • Political Business Cycles (Nordhaus) • Macroeconomy driven by elections • Manipulation by policy tools to boost chances • Endogenous election timing a function of economy (Berument) Alternatives • Econometrics and Presidential Elections (Fair) • Kramer: voter behavior depends on economy • Republican/Democrat • V= a1 + a2t + a3I+ a4DPER + a5g*I + a6p*I + u Alternatives • Time-for-Change Model (Abramowitz) • A referendum on the incumbent's performance • Robust results (2% margin for 2008) • Noneconomic (political) and economic variables Alternatives • Economics and Elections in W. Europe (Chappel, Veiga) • 13 countries 37 years • Political responsibility + economic perception Alternatives • Of Time and Presidential Election Forecasts (Erikson, Wlezien) • Hibbsian Endogeneity/Exogeneity • Surfing on the cycles • Exogenous: create a cycle • Endogenous: surf a cycle • The effects of GDP Growth only The End of Economic Voting? • Check whether political responsibility is more important through the other theories. • Some alternatives (PBCs and OETs) • Hibbs is generally accepted • Challenges to robustness • Political Implications