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The Skeleton From the Greek, meaning “dried up” 20% of body mass Bones, Joints, Cartilage, Joints, & Ligaments Axial skeleton • Skull – Cranial bones – Facial bones • Vertebral Column • Thorax Cranial bones • • • • • • Frontal Parietal (2) Occipital Temporal (2) Sphenoid Ethmoid Frontal • Frontal sinus • supra-orbital ridge (margin) • supra-orbital foramen (or notch) • frontal suture (usually only present in fetal skull) • coronal suture (between frontal and anterior border of parietals) Parietal bones • sagittal suture • lambdoid suture • squamous suture Occipital • occipital condyles • foramen magnum • nuchal lines Temporal • squamous portion • external acoustic (auditory) meatus • mastoid process • styloid process • petrous portion • zygomatic process Sphenoid • greater and lesser wings • pterygoid processes • sella turcica • sinuses Ethmoid • perpendicular plate • crista galli • cribriform (horizontal) plate • superior and middle concha • sinuses Facial bones • • • • • • • Paired bones Maxillae Zygomatic Nasals Lacrimals Palatines Inferior conchae • Unpaired bones • Mandible • Vomer • nasal bones • lacrimal bones Zygomatic bones • orbital process • temporal process • maxillary process Maxilla & Palatine Bones • • • • sinus alveolar ridge (margin) infra-orbital foramen palatine processes Mandible • • • • • ramus condyle angle body Coronoid process • Alveolar ridge Facial Bones (continued) • Vomer • Inferior nasal conchae • Sinuses Hyoid bone Ribs • True Ribs – First 7 pairs (connect to sternum directly) • False Ribs – last 5 pairs – Floating ribs – the last two false ribs are called floating ribs because they don’t attach in the front at all Sternum • Manubrium • suprasternal • • • • (jugular) notch sternal angle body xiphoid process clavicular notch Vertebrae: • • • • • Lamina Pedicles Centrum spinous process superior and inferior articulating processes • vertebral foramen • intervertebral foramen Vertebrae: Continued • Cervical Vertebrae (7) – bifid spinous process – transverse foramina – C1 = atlas – C2 = axis with odontoid process • Thoracic (12) – downward sharp spinous process – articulating facets on centrum and transverse processes for ribs • lumbar (5) – massive centrum – short, wide spinous process • Sacral: (5) fused – sacral canal – auricular surface – sacral foramen – median sacral crest – sacral hiatus – sacral promontory – apex • Coccyx: (1-4) fused Appendicular Skeleton • Pectoral Girdle • Clavicle - sternal end, acromial end • Scapula – Spine – supraspinatus fossa, – infraspinatus fossa – acromion process – coracoid process – vertebral border – axillary border – glenoid cavity Bones of the Upper Extremity • Humerus • Radius • Ulna • Head • Neck: surgical/anatomical • Greater/ Lesser tubercle • Intertubercular groove • Deltoid tuberosity • Epicondyles medial/lateral • Trochlea • Capitulum • Coronoid fossa • Olecranon fossa Humerus Radius • • • • • • Head Neck Shaft Radial tuberosity Styloid process Ulnar notch Ulna • • • • • • Olecranon process Trochlear notch Radial notch Coronoid process Styloid process Head Bones of the Wrist and Hand • Carpals - 8 wrist bones • Metacarpals - 5 hand bones • Phalanges - 14 finger bones Bones of the Pelvic Girdle (OS COXAE) • Consists of three bones: • Ilium • Ishium • Pubis ILIUM • Iliac crest • Anterior superior iliac spine • Greater sciatic notch • Sacroiliac joint ISCHIUM • Ischial tuberosity • Lesser sciatic notch • Acetabulum • Obturator foramen PUBIS • Pubic symphysis Male Pelvis Larger, heavier Heart -shaped Deep pelvis Tilted forward < 90 degree angle / Female Pelvis • • • • • Smaller, lighter More oval Shallow pelvis Flared more >90 degree angle Bones of the Thigh and Leg • Femur • Tibia • Fibula • • • • • • • • • Head Neck Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Shaft Linea aspera Epicondyles Condyles Intercondylar notch or fossa • Patellar surface FEMUR TIBIA • Tibial condyles • Tibial tuberosity • Medial malleolus • Shaft FIBULA • Head • Shaft • Lateral malleolus Patella - Kneecap • Tarsals - 7 ankle bones – Talus – Calcaneus • Metatarsals - 5 foot bones • Phalanges - 14 toe bones – proximal – middle (medial) – distal Bones of the Ankle and Foot
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