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Chapter 4 frontispiece.
A valley in Kashmir, high
in the Himalayas, India
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of
Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia
University Press. Photograph by E.A. Mathez
031
Figure 4.1. The Keeling curve
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future,
Columbia University Press. Source: Scripps Institution of Oceanography CO 2 Program
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Table 4.1. Sizes of the carbon reservoirs
50 x 106 metric gigatons
Rock reservoir
Limestone
40 x 106
Organic carbon in sedimentary rocks
10 x 106
Fossil fuels
4.7 x 103
Marine carbonate sediments
2.5 x 103
39 x 103
World ocean
Bicarbonate ion
37 x 103
Carbonate ion
1.3 x 103
Dissolved CO2
0.74 x 103
Organic carbon in soils and terrestrial sediments
1.6 x 103
Organic carbon in permafrost
0.9 x 103
Atmospheric CO2
0.76 x 103
Living biomass
0.6 x 103
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and
Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Sources: Kump et al.,
2004 and Zimov et al., 2006
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Removal of CO2 from the atmosphere
4CO2 + 6H2O + CaSiO3 + MgSiO3  Ca++ + Mg++ + 4HCO3- + 2H4SiO4
atmospheric carbon dioxide + water + calcium- and magnesium-bearing
silicate minerals  dissolved calcium and magnesium cations
+ bicarbonate ions + silicic acid
Formation of shells
Ca++ + 2HCO3-  CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
calcium + bicarbonate ions dissolved in sea water 
calcium carbonate minerals calcite or aragonite + carbon dioxide + water
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming
and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. p. 60
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Figure 4.2. Coquina
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global
Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press.
Photograph by D. Finnin, American Museum of Natural History
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Figure 4.3. Chalk
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global
Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press.
Photograph by Maki Itoh
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Dissolved silica precipitates to opal
H4SiO4  SiO2 + 2H2O
dissolved silica  opal + water
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming
and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. p. 61
037
Figure 4.4. Coal
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global
Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press.
Photograph by D. Finnin, American Museum of Natural History
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Return of carbon from deep Earth to surface reservoirs
SiO2 + CaCO3  CaSiO3 + CO2
silicate minerals + carbonate minerals 
calcium silicate minerals + carbon dioxide
Photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O  [CH2O] + O2
carbon dioxide + water  carbohydrates, starches, and other organic
compounds of plants + oxygen
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming
and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press, p. 62
039
Return of terrestrial organic material to atmosphere
via plant and animal respiration
[CH2O] + O2  CO2 + H2O
organic matter + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water
Microbial production of methane
2[CH2O]  CO2 + CH4
organic matter  carbon dioxide + methane
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming
and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press, p. 64-65
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Figure 4.5. The global short-term carbon cycle
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global
Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press.
041
Table 4.2. Where anthropogenic carbon has come from and
where it goes
1800-1994
1980-1999
From fossil-fuel and cement production
224 ± 20
117 ± 5 metric gigatons
From land-use change
100 - 180
24 ± 12
The atmosphere
165 ± 4
65 ±1
The ocean
118 ± 19
37 ± 8
Emissions
Stored in
The biosphere
61 ± 141
39 ± 18
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and
Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Sabine et al., 2004
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Figure 4.6. The distribution of ocean chlorophyll and land
vegetation, 1997-2007
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming
and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: NASA
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Figure 4.7. The annual net exchange of CO2 between the
ocean and the atmosphere
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our
Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Takahashi et al., 1997
044
Figure 4.8. Aragonite (a) and calcite (b) saturation depths
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and
Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Feely et al., 2004
045
Figure 4.9. Scanning electron photomicrograph of the
phytoplankton Emiliania huxleyi
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our
Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Photograph by Jeremy Young