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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
PCB DESIGN
Dr. P. C. Pandey
EE Dept, IIT Bombay
Revised Aug’07

• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork
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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
Topics
1.General Considerations in Layout Design
2.Layout Design for Analog Circuits
3.Layout Design for Digital Circuits
4. Artwork Considerations
References
W.C. Bosshart, Printed Circuit Boards: Design and Technology, TMH,
1992
C.F. Coombs : Printed Circuits Handbook , McGraw-Hill, 2001
R.S. Khandpur : Printed Circuit Boards : Design, Fabrication, and
Assembly, McGraw-Hill, 2005.
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• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork
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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
IN LAYOUT DESIGN
Main issues
• Component interconnections
• Physical accessibility of components
• Effects of parasitics
• Power dissipation
Subtopics
1.1 Parasitic effects
1.2 Supply conductors
1.3 Component placement

• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork
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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
1.1 Parasitic Effects
R & L of conductor tracks
C between conductor tracks
Resistance
Resistance of 35 μm thickness, 1 mm wide conductor = 5 mΩ/cm
Change in Cu resistance with temperature = 0.4% / °C
Current carrying capacity of 35 μm thickness Cu conductor (for 10 °C
temperature rise):
Width (mm) 1
4
10
Ic (A)
2
4
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
• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork
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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
Capacitance
• Tracks opposite each other
- Run supply lines above each other
- Don’t let signal line tracks overlap for any significant distance
• Tracks next to each other
- Increase the spacing between critical conductors
- Run ground between signal lines
Inductance
To be considered in
• High frequency analog circuits
• Fast switching logic circuits

• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork

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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
1.2 Supply Conductors
Unstable supply & ground due to
• Resistive voltage drop
• Voltage drop caused by track L and high freq. current
• Current spikes during logic switching  local rise in ground potential
& fall in Vcc potential  possibility of false logic triggering.
Solutions
• Conductor widths : W (ground) > W (supply) > W(signal)
• Ground plane
• Track configuration for distributed C between Vcc & ground
• Analog & digital ground (&supply) connected at the most stable point

• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork
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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
1.3 Component Placement
• Minimize critical conductor lengths & overall conductor length
• Component grouping according to connectivity
• Same direction & orientation for similar components
• Space around heat sinks
• Packing density
• Uniform
• Accessibility for
• adjustments • component replacement • test points
• Separation of heat sensitive and heat producing components
• Mechanical fixing of heavy components
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• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork
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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
2. LAYOUT DESIGN FOR ANALOG
CIRCUITS
• Supply and ground conductors
• Signal conductors for reducing the inductive and capacitive
coupling
• Special considerations for
• Power output stage circuits
• High gain direct coupled circuits
• HF oscillator /amplifier
• Low level signal circuits

• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork

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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
2.1 Ground & Supply Lines
• Separate GND (& Vcc) lines for analog & digital circuits
• Independent ground for reference voltage circuits
• Connect different ground conductors at most stable
reference point
• Supply lines with sufficient
width and high capacitive
coupling to GND
(use decoupling capacitors)
• Supply line should first
connect to high current drain
ckt blocks
• Supply line independent for voltage references

• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork
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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
2.2 HF Oscillator / Amplifier
• Decoupling capacitor between Vcc & GND  Capacitive load on o/p
• Reduce capacitive coupling between output & input lines
• Vcc decoupling for large BW ckts. (even for LF operation)
• Separation between signal & GND to reduce capacitive loading

• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork
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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
2.3 Circuits with High Power O/P Stage
Resistance due to track length & solder joints  modulation
of Vcc & GND and low freq. oscillations
• Large decoupling capacitors
• Separate Vcc & GND for power & pre- amp stages
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• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork
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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
2.4 High Gain DC Amplifier
Solder joints  thermocouple jn
Temp gradients  diff. noisy voltages
• Temp.gradients to be avoided
• Enclosure for stopping free movement of surrounding air
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• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork
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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
2.5 Low Level Signal Circuits
A) High impedance circuits - Capacitive coupling
B) Low impedance circuits - Inductive coupling
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• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork
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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
High -Z circuits
If R » 1∕ jw(Cxy+Cy)
then coupled Vy = Va × [Cxy/(Cy+Cxy)]
• Increase separation between low level
high Z line and high level line
(decrease Cxy)
• Put a ground line between the two
(guard line)
Example: Guard for signal leakage
from FET output to input
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• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork
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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
Low – Z Circuits
• Voltage induced in ground loops due to external magnetic fields
• Current caused in the low- Z circuit loop due to strong AC currents in
nearby circuits
Vm= - (d/dt) B dA
• Avoid ground loops
• Keep high current ac lines away from
low level,low Z circuit loops
• Keep circuit loop areas small
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• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork
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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
3. LAYOUT DESIGN FOR DIGITAL
CIRCUITS
Main problems
• Ground & supply line noise
• Cross-talk between neighboring signal lines
• Reflections : signal delays, double pulsing

• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork
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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
3.1 Ground & Supply Line Noise
Noise generated due to current spikes during logic level switching,
drawn from Vcc and returned to ground
• Internal spike: charging & discharging of transistor junction
capacitances in IC ( 20 mA, 5ns in TTL)
• External spike: charging & discharging of output load capacitance
Ground potential increases, Vcc decreases: improper logic triggering.
Problem more severe for synchronous circuits.
Severity of problem (increasing): CMOS, ECL, TTL.

• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork

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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
Solution for ground & supply noise
• Decoupling C between Vcc & ground for every 2 to 3 IC’s :
ceramic, low L cap. of 10 nf for TTL & 0.5 nF for ECL & CMOS
•Stabilizes Vcc-GND (helps against internal spikes
• Not much help for external spikes
• Low wave impedance between supply lines (20 ohms):
5 to 10 mm wide lines opposite each other as power tracks
• Ground plane : large Cu area for ground
to stabilize it against external spikes
• Closely knit grid of ground conductors
(will form ground loops, not to be used for analog circuits)
• Twist Vcc & GND line between PCBs
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• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork
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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
3.2 Cross-talk
• Occurs due to parallel running signal lines
(ECL: 10cm,TTL: 20 cm, CMOS: 50 cm)
• Problem more severe for logic signals flowing in opposite directions
Solutions
• Reduce long parallel paths
• Increase separation
betw. signal lines
• Decrease impedance
betw. signal & ground lines
• Run a ground track
between signal lines

• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork

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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
3.3 Reflections
Caused by mismatch between the logic output impedance
& the wave impedance of signal tracks.
• Signal delay (low wave imp.) • Double pulses (high wave imp.)
TTL (Z: 100 - 150 )
0.5 mm signal line with GND plane, 1 mm without GND plane.
Signal lines between PCBs twisted with GND lines.
ECL (Z: 50 )
1 - 3 mm signal line with GND plane, or nearby gnd conductor.
CMOS (Z: 150 – 300 )
0.5 mm signal line without GND plane. Gnd not close to signal lines.
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• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork

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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
Summary of Layout Design Considerations
(for 1.6 mm thickness, double sided boards)
Logic Family:
Signal–GND Zw ()
TTL
100 - 150
ECL
50 - 100
CMOS
150 - 300
Signal line width
(mm)
0.5 with gnd
1, no gnd
1 - 3 with gnd
0.5, no gnd
Vcc -GND Zw ()
<5
< 10
< 20
Vcc line (mm)
GND line (mm)
5
Very broad
(plane /grid)
2 to 3
Broad
(plane/grid)
2
5
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• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork
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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
4. ARTWORK RULES
Conductor orientation
• Orientation for shortest interconnection length.
• Conductor tracks on opposite sides in x-direction & ydirection to minimize via holes.
• 45° or 30° / 60° orientation for turns.
Conductor Routing
• Begin and end at solder pads, join conductors for reducing
interconnection length.
• Avoid interconnections with internal angle <60°.
• Distribute spacing between conductors .

• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork
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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03

Conductor
routing
examples

• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts

• Artwork
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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03
Solder Pads
Hole dia
• Reduce the number of different sizes.
• 0.2 - 0.5 mm clearance for lead dia.
Solder pad
• Annular ring width
≥ 0.5 mm with PTH
≈ 3 × hole dia without PTH
• Uniformity of ring around the hole.
• Conductor width d > w > d/3.

• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork
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PC Pandey: Lecture notes “PCB Design”, EE Dept, IIT Bombay, rev. April’03

• General
• Analog Ckts
• Digital Ckts
• Artwork

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