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Active Networks
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Where did the concept AN come
from?
 Emerged from discussions within the broad
DARPA research community in 1994 and 1995
on the future direction of networking systems.
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Why we need AN ?
Since there are several problems with today’s networks:
 Difficulty of integrating new technologies and standards into the
shared network infrastructure;
 Poor performance due to redundant operations at several
protocol layers;
 Difficulty of accommodating new services in the existing
architectural model
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What’s the motivation of
AN?
 Aims at producing a new open networking platform, flexible and
extensible at runtime
1. To accommodate the rapid evolution and deployment of
network technologies;
2. To provide the increasingly sophisticated services demanded by
user applications.
To ease the deployment of new network services.
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Activenet Principles
AN have some important features:
 API
 Dynamic Composition of Network Services
 Fine Granularity of Control
 Rapid response to network events
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AN: Application Programming
Interfaces
 In traditional networks: API is fixed and is difficult to
modify and customize.
 In AN: to create an extensible/programmable network API
by providing a robust programming environment
so that:
1) nearly any customized programs can be executed
2) new services can be dynamically created.
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Benefits from AN-API
 Users/third parties can create services to their specific applications
by composing services from various building blocks/components.
components
 The degree of programmability of AN-API may range from
a simple list of fixed-size parameters to a turing-complete
Language capable of describing any effective computation.
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Other AN features:
 Dynamic Composition of Network Services
Composite network services can take on a variety
of forms, depending on API
 Fine Granularity of Control
1. A single pkt can modify the node behavior seen by all
pkts arriving at the node
2. A single pkt modifies the behavior seen only by that
one pkt.
 Rapid response to network events
AN can rapidly respond to asynchronous network events by
co-locating control algorithms with network elements
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Activenet Technologies
 In-Band Approach: Active Packets
The current passive packets are replaced by active miniature
programs that are encapsulated in transmission frame and
executed at active node along their path.
 Out-of-Band Approach: Open programmable Networks
maintaining the existing packet/cell format, and providing
a discrete mechanism that supports the downloading of
programs.
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Active Packets: An In-Band
Approach
 Capsules (MIT)
propose an integrated approach in which active capsules
containing data and programs replace the traditional passive
network packets
IP
header
Program
Fragment
Data Payload
 Smart Packets (DARPA-BBN)
SP can carry programs which are executed at each node the packet
visits in the network. Their goal is to add programmability to
management and diagnostic packets.
A specific language for SP
called Sprocket.
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Open Programmable Networks:An Out-of Band
Approach
Separating the injection of programs from the processing of messages
may be particularly attractive when the selection of programs is made
by network administrators and must be carefully controlled.
 Switchware (U. of Pennsylvania)
 Switchlets (U. of Cambridge)
 Broadband Kernel: X-Bind (U. of Columbia)
 Miblets (U. of Toronto)
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Activenet Applications
 Open signaling ( U. of Southern California)
P: Current signaling protocols like UNI or RSVP only
specify the QoS but not how to obtain it.
S: If signaling is carried out by active programs with universal
encoding in signaling messages and accesses a well understood
open interface at each router so that it carries out reservations
for the endpoints ……
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Activenet Applications
 Introduction of New Internet Services (MIT)
P: In traditional networks, it will take a long time to deploy
a new services.
S: ANTS (Active Network Toolkit System)
show that the diversity of services facilitated by active networking
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ANTS
 Java-based active networking implementation
 Runs in user-space within a user-space implementation of IPv6
 Three key components:
1.capsules
2.active nodes: provide API for capsule processing routines
and execute those routines safely.
3.code distribution mechanism: ensure that capsule processing
routines are automatically and dynamically transferred to the
active nodes where they are needed.
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Challenge and Open
Issues
 Minimizing overall packet processing
 Ease the management of Active Networks
 Build reliable distributed systems for authentication/authorization
of using Active Networks resources
 Integration of different Active Networks technologies
 Security issues
 Performance issues
 Active networks format and Standards
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Third Intermediate Report

HP OPENVIEW NETWORK NODE
MANAGER
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I. Stergiou
A. Sgora
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Creation of a short manual
Definition of an exercise (around six subjects)
Deadline: 25/06/03
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Fourth Intermediate Report

Objects-based Management (CORBA)
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
Management based on Active Networks


I. Stergiou
A. Sgora
Deadline: 25/06/03
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End of Sixth Lecture
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