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Name: __________________________________ Class: ________________ Date: ____________________________ Chapter 27 Questions and Vocab: 1. What reasons were given for the “need” for America to expand overseas? Farmers and factory owners began to look for markets beyond American shores to handle the surplus in production. Population growth led to a feeling of crowding that could be alleviated by overseas moves. Yellow journalists (Hearst and Pulitzer) described foreign adventures as manly. Missionaries looked overseas for new souls to save. Many believed that in the face of the Scramble for Africa and the division of the Chinese Empire, if the US didn’t press its own imperial rights, that it wouldn’t remain competitive in the global political and economical realm. The need for a strong navy compelled many to join the Navy as steel ships are being built to control the seas. 2. Explain the British Guiana/Venezuela Affair. What happened? How was the conflict resolved? What impact did this have on the Monroe Doctrine? What impact did this have on American-British relations? The British and Venezuelans had been fighting over a disputed boundary. When gold was found in this region, both sides started posturing for war. For years the US had an anti-British sentiment. This combined with a rising sense of belligerence. When this happened, President Cleveland invoked the Monroe Doctrine and said that if the British didn’t agree to a boundary determined by experts, that the US would get involved militarily. The country was swept up in war hysteria. Meanwhile, in Europe, Britain has been challenged by Germany and there is rising conflict in South Africa. Because of this, the British recognized the importance of cultivating Yankee friendship and started a period of “patting the Eagle’s head.” This led to a cordial relationship between the two countries. 3. How did the McKinley Tariff set off the scuffle over Hawaii? What happened to US Claims over the island? How did the annexation debate proceed? The tariff impacted Hawaiian exports because Hawaii was a foreign country, not part of the US. White American planters worked hard to get the island nation annexed so that the tariff could be removed. Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani blocked these efforts, insisting that Hawaii should be run by Hawaiians. A small minority of whites led a successful revolt in 1893, openly assisted by American troops. A treaty of annexation is sent to Washington but President Harrison’s term expired before it could be ratified. President Cleveland suspected that the queen and her people had been treated badly and he withdrew the treaty. It was ratified in 1898 when the US began its overseas empire. 4. Describe the development of the conflict in Cuba. How did America eventually come to declare war? How did war come to the Philippines? How did this affect Hawaii? Spain still held colonial control over Cuba and did a terrible job of governing. In 1894, the US restored an old tariff that imposed taxes on the imports of sugar from Cuba. Cubans took advantage of the situation to try and drive out the Spanish overlords. They used a scorched earth policy of burning fields and processing plants, as well as bombing passenger trains. American financial interests in Cuba were threatened by these tactics. Yellow journalists (Hearst and Pulitzer) took stories of Spanish concentration camps for the Cubans, the disrobing and searching of an American woman, the interception of a letter from a Spanish official that was disrespectful to President McKinley, and illustrations by Frederick Remington to rile the American people in the another war hysteria. The president sent the USS Maine to Havana on a “friendly” visit (it was really there to evacuate Americans if that became necessary). It blew up. American investigations determined that is was a submarine mine; Spanish investigations said it was a combustion in the ship (they put their coal next to their gunpowder). This is the last straw. Americans demand war. On April 11, 1898, McKinley urged armed intervention to aid the Cubans. Congress essentially declares war and adopted the Teller Amendment which gave Cubans their freedom. It also tied American hands by stipulating that the US would never assume control over Cuba. Roosevelt (who thought McKinley was moving too slowly) instructs Commodore George Dewey to invade the Philippines even though he didn’t have the authority to direct this. Dewy takes the harbor at Manilla but has to wait for American reinforcements to arrive. Hawaii was considered an important fueling and provisioning station and McKinley was worried that Japan might try to take it. Hawaii is annexed on July 7, 1898, granting US citizenship to Hawaiian residents. 5. Describe the significance of disease in the Spanish American War. In Cuba the American army suffered from malaria, typhoid fever, dysentery, and yellow fever, as well as from poorly packaged meat. Statistics show that 400 died of bullets; over five thousand died to bacteria and other causes. 6. How did the decision come to keep the Philippines as an American possession? What was the public’s reaction (on both sides)? American decision makers were concerned that the Filipinos might fall into anarchy if left to govern themselves, or that Germany or Japan might try to seize them. It was decided to keep the Philippines and perhaps give them their freedom later. Wall Street opposed the war originally, but came around when the prospect of profits became apparent. Spain said that the Philippines shouldn’t be spoils of war because it was captured the day after an armistice was signed. America paid Spain $20 million in order to break the deadlock. Opponents of annexation said that pursuing imperialism would destroy American commitment to self-determination and anticolonialism; Supporters declared that annexation just continued a glorious history of expansionism. The antiimperialists argued that the Filipinos wanted freedom, and the to annex them would violate the “consent of the Governed” philosophy in the DoI & Constitution. They argued that despotism abroad might lead to it at home. Imperialism is expensive and unlikely to turn a profit, and they didn’t want to get involved with the political and military mess that was Asia. Expansionists talked about America’s “civilizing mission,” and talked about trade profits. It was the “white man’s burden” to lift up (and exploit) the underprivileged, underfed, and underclad of the world. 7. What were the results of the war in Puerto Rico and Cuba? Puerto Rico was granted a limited form of popular government (but outlawed cockfighting) and was granted citizenship in 1917, but withheld self-rule. The American government improved education, sanitation, and transportations, but did not make it clear what the status of the people was. In 1901, the Insular Cases stated that full rights do not extend to the people of newly acquired lands, even if the rule of government did. An American military government was established in Cuba and it improved finance, education, agriculture, and public health. Areas where mosquitoes bred were cleared and drained. The US withdrew from Cuba in 1902, but not before making Cuba include the Platt Amendment, by which they agreed not to take on treaties that might compromise their independence, not to take on debt beyond their resources, that the US could intervene with force, if necessary, and that coaling and naval stations would be established (Guantanamo still exists) Vocabulary: Hawaii - an isolated volcanic archipelago in the Central Pacific. Its islands are renowned for their rugged landscapes of cliffs, waterfalls, tropical foliage and beaches with gold, red, black and even green sands. Cuban Insurrection -the last of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain Yellow Journalism based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration. U.S.S. Maine - an American naval ship that sank in Havana Harbor during the Cuban revolt against Spain, an event that became a major political issue in the United States. President McKinley -n American politician and lawyer who served as the 25th President of the United States from March 4, 1897 until his assassination in September 1901, six months into his second term Theodore Roosevelt an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909. The Philippines a Southeast Asian country in the Western Pacific, comprising more than 7,000 islands. Rough Riders a nickname given to the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, one of three such regiments raised in 1898 for the Spanish–American War and the only one of the three to see action Insular Cases series of opinions by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1901, about the status of U.S. territories acquired in the Spanish–American War. The Supreme Court held that full constitutional rights do not automatically (or ex proprio vigore—i.e., of its own force) extend to all places under American control. Platt Amendment stipulated seven conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish–American War, and an eighth condition that Cuba sign a treaty accepting these seven conditions.