Download Holt Modern Chemistry -

ALL VOCABULARY TERMS FROM THE FOUR TOPICS!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
TOPIC 1
reaction rate
catalyst
reversible reaction
chemical equilibrium
equilibrium constant
TOPIC 2
6. oxidation
7. oxidized
8. reduction
9. reduced
10. half-reaction
11. oxidation-reduction
reaction
12. redox reaction
TOPIC 3
13. organic compound
14. hydrocarbon
15. alkane
16. alkene
17. alkyne
18. polymer
19. protein
20. carbohydrate
21. lipid
22. nucleic acid
TOPIC 4
23. nuclear reaction
24. radioactive decay
25. alpha particle
26. beta particle
27. gamma ray
28. half-life
29. nuclear fission
30. nuclear fusion
TOPIC 1: Chapters 17 & 18 -- Reaction Rates & Equilibrium
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
reaction rate -- the rate at which a chemical reaction takes place; measured by the rate of formation of the product or the rate of disappearance of the
reactants
catalyst -- a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed or changed significantly
reversible reaction -- a chemical reaction in which the products re-form the original reactants
chemical equilibrium -- a state of balance in which the rate of a forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction and the concentrations of products
and reactants remain unchanged
equilibrium constant -- a number that relates the concentrations of starting materials and products of a reversible chemical reaction to one another at a
given temperature
TOPIC 2: Chapter 19 -- Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
oxidation -- a reaction that removes one or more electrons from a substance such that the substance’s valence or oxidation state increases
oxidized -- describes an element that has lost electrons and that has increased its oxidation number
reduction -- a chemical change in which electrons are gained, either by the removal of oxygen, the addition of hydrogen, or the addition of electrons
reduced -- describes a substance that has gained electrons, lost an oxygen atom, or gained a hydrogen atom
half-reaction -- the part of a reaction that involves only oxidation or reduction
oxidation-reduction reaction -- any chemical change in which one species is oxidized (loses electrons) and another species is reduced (gains electrons);
also called “redox reaction”
12. redox reaction – an abbreviated way to write “oxidation-reduction” reaction
TOPIC 3: Chapters 22 & 23 -- Biochemistry
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
organic compound -- a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides
hydrocarbon -- an organic compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen
alkene -- a hydrocarbon that contains one or more double bonds
alkane -- a hydrocarbon characterized by a straight or branched carbon chain that contains only single bonds
alkyne -- a hydrocarbon that contains one or more triple bonds
polymer -- a large molecule that is formed by more than five monomers, or small units
protein -- an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells
carbohydrate -- any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things
lipid -- a type of biochemical that does not dissolve in water, including fats and steroids; they store energy and make up cell membranes
nucleic acid -- an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information
TOPIC 4: Chapter 21 -- Nuclear Chemistry
23. nuclear reaction -- a reaction that affects the nucleus of an atom
24. radioactive decay -- the disintegration of an unstable atomic nucleus into one or more different nuclides, accompanied by the emission of radiation, the
nuclear capture or ejection of electrons, or fission
25. alpha particle -- a positively charged atom that is released in the disintegration of radioactive elements and that consists of two protons and two neutrons
26. beta particle -- a charged electron emitted during certain types of radioactive decay, such as beta decay
27. gamma ray -- the high-energy photon emitted by a nucleus during fission and radioactive decay
28. half-life -- the time required for half of a sample of a radioactive isotope to break down by radioactive decay to form a daughter isotope
29. nuclear fission – the splitting of the nucleus of a large atom into two or more fragments; releases additional neutrons and energy
30. nuclear fusion -- the combination of the nuclei of small atoms to form a larger nucleus; releases energy
Holt Modern Chemistry Review
Topics 1-4
The following pages contain the bulk (but not all) of the information for the topics 1-4 test.
Focus on this content, but make sure to review class notes, activities, handouts, questions, etc.
If you study this document and NOTHING else, you should at least be able to PASS the test.
***** Test items will be recall, examples, and/or application of this content. *****
OUTCOMES
 Collaborate with peer(s) to understand chemistry content (C C)
 Communicate chemistry content to teacher and peer(s) (E C)
TOPIC #1: REACTION RATES AND EQUILIBRIUM -- Chapters 17 & 18
OUTCOMES
 17.2: Explain the five factors that influence reaction rates on wkbk. pg. 533 & txtbk. pgs. 568-570 (F & PK)
 18.1: Explain chemical equilibrium (C U)
 18.2: Explain LeChatelier’s principle (C U)
17.1: THE REACTION PROCESS
 Chapter Highlights
o In order for chemical reactions to occur, the particles of the reactants must collide.
o Activation energy is needed to merge valence electrons and to loosen bonds sufficiently for molecules to react.
17.2: REACTION RATE
 Vocabulary
o reaction rate -- the rate at which a chemical reaction takes place; measured by the rate of formation of the product or the rate of disappearance of
the reactants
o catalyst -- a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed or changed significantly
 Chapter Highlights
o The rate of reaction is influenced by the following factors: nature of reactants, surface area, temperature, concentration of reactants, and the
presence of catalysts.
18.1: THE NATURE OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
 Vocabulary
o reversible reaction -- a chemical reaction in which the products re-form the original reactants
o chemical equilibrium -- a state of balance in which the rate of a forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction and the concentrations of
products and reactants remain unchanged
o equilibrium constant -- a number that relates the concentrations of starting materials and products of a reversible chemical reaction to one
another at a given temperature
 Chapter Highlights
o A reaction system in which the forward and reverse reactions occur simultaneously and at the same rate is said to be at equilibrium. Both
reactions continue, but there is no net change in the composition of the system.
18.2: SHIFTING EQUILIBRIUM
 Chapter Highlights
o According to Le Châtelier’s principle, when a stress (a change in concentration, pressure, or temperature) is applied to a system at equilibrium, the
equilibrium is shifted in the direction that relieves the stress.
TOPIC #2: OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS -- Chapter 19
OUTCOMES
 19.1: Define oxidation and reduction and give an example of each reaction. (T & R)
19.1: OXIDATION AND REDUCTION
 Vocabulary
o oxidation -- a reaction that removes one or more electrons from a substance such that the substance’s valence or oxidation state increases
o oxidized -- describes an element that has lost electrons and that has increased its oxidation number
o reduction -- a chemical change in which electrons are gained, either by the removal of oxygen, the addition of hydrogen, or the addition of
electrons
o reduced -- describes a substance that has gained electrons, lost an oxygen atom, or gained a hydrogen atom
o half-reaction -- the part of a reaction that involves only oxidation or reduction
o oxidation-reduction reaction -- any chemical change in which one species is oxidized (loses electrons) and another species is reduced (gains
electrons)
1. oxidation-reduction reaction -- also called redox reaction
o redox reaction – an abbreviated way to write oxidation-reduction reaction
 Chapter Highlights

o Oxidation-reduction reactions consist of two half-reactions that must occur simultaneously.
o Oxidation involves the loss of electrons, and reduction involves the gain of electrons.
o A species whose oxidation number increases is oxidized. A species whose oxidation number decreases is reduced.
19.2: BALANCING REDOX EQUATIONS
 Chapter Highlights
o Charge and mass are conserved in a balanced redox equation.
o In the half-reaction method for balancing equations, the atoms and charge of oxidation and reduction equations are balanced separately. Then,
they are combined to give a complete balanced equation.
o In a half-reaction, the charge on the reactant side must equal the charge on the product side, but these charges do not need to be zero.
o The number of electrons lost in the oxidation half-reaction must equal the number of electrons gained in the reduction half-reaction.
19.3: OXIDIZING AND REDUCING AGENTS
 Chapter Highlights
o The substance that is reduced in redox reactions is the oxidizing agent because it acquires electrons from the substance that is oxidized.
o The substance that is oxidized in a redox reaction is the reducing agent because it supplies the electrons to the substance that is reduced.
o Strong reducing agents are substances that easily give up electrons.
TOPIC #3: BIOCHEMISTRY -- Chapters 22 & 23
OUTCOMES
 22.1: Determine the number of bonds that carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen can make. (F & PK)
 22.2: Distinguish among structures of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes (T & R)
 23.1: Distinguish between structural characteristics of hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins (T & R)
22.1: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
 Vocabulary

o organic compound -- a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides
o hydrocarbon -- an organic compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen
 Chapter Highlights
o The ability of carbon to bond to other elements and to allow different arrangements of atoms contributes to the diversity of carbon compounds.
o Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures. In structural isomers, the atoms are bonded together in
different orders. In geometric isomers, the order of atom bonding is the same, but the atoms are oriented differently in space.
22.2: HYDROCARBONS
 Vocabulary
o alkane -- a hydrocarbon characterized by
o a straight or branched carbon chain that contains only single bonds
o alkene -- a hydrocarbon that contains one or more double bonds
o alkyne -- a hydrocarbon that contains one or more triple bonds
 Chapter Highlights
o Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons; they contain only single bonds. Physical trends in alkanes correspond to trends in alkane size and amount of
branching.
o Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more multiple carbon-carbon bonds: these include alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons.
22.4: ORGANIC REACTIONS
 Vocabulary
o
polymer -- a
large molecule that is formed by more than five monomers, or small units
23.1: CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS
 Vocabulary
o carbohydrate -- any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things
o lipid -- a type of biochemical that does not dissolve in water, including fats and steroids; lipids store energy and make up cell membranes.
 Chapter Highlights
o Carbohydrates are nutrients that are produced by plants and are made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
o Two examples of carbohydrate structures are show at right:
23.2: AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS
 Vocabulary
o protein -- an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells
23.3: METABOLISM
 Chapter Highlights
o ATP is a high-energy storage compound that the body uses to store and provide energy for life.
o The metabolic pathways involve both the conversion of ATP to ADP and the conversion of ADP to ATP.
o Metabolic pathways are classified as two types: catabolism and anabolism.
o Catabolism includes reactions in which large molecules are changed into simpler molecules. These reactions release energy.
o Anabolic processes are energy-consuming pathways by which cells produce the molecules needed for growth and repair.
23.4: NUCLEIC ACIDS
 Vocabulary
o nucleic acid -- an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic
information
 Chapter Highlights
o Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids, the compounds by which living organisms can reproduce themselves.
TOPIC #4: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY -- Chapter 21
OUTCOMES
 21.2: Describe the different types of radioactive decay and their strength -- alpha particle, beta particle, and gamma ray (C U)
 21.2: Solve half-life problems on wkbk. pg. 552 & txtbk. pg. 689 (F & PK)
o
 21.3: Explain benefits of nuclear radiation on wkbk. pg. 554 &
txtbk. pg. 695 (T & R)
21.1: THE NUCLEUS
 Vocabulary
o nuclear reaction -- a reaction that affects the nucleus of an
atom
21.2: RADIOACTIVE DECAY
 Vocabulary
o radioactive decay -- the disintegration of an unstable atomic
nucleus into one or more different nuclides, accompanied by
the emission of radiation, the nuclear capture or ejection of electrons, or fission
o alpha particle -- a positively charged atom that is released in the disintegration of radioactive elements and that consists of two protons and two
neutrons
o beta particle -- a charged electron emitted during certain types of radioactive decay, such as beta decay
o gamma ray -- the high-energy photon emitted by a
nucleus during fission and radioactive decay
o half-life -- the time required for half of a sample of a
radioactive isotope to break down by radioactive decay to
form a daughter isotope
 Chapter Highlights
o Radioactive nuclides become more stable by radioactive
decay.
o Alpha, beta, positron, and gamma emission, and electron
capture are types of radioactive decay. The type of decay
is related to the nucleon content and the energy level of
the nucleus.
o The half-life of a radioactive nuclide is the length of time
that it takes for half of a given number of atoms of the
nuclide to decay.
21.3: NUCLEAR RADIATION
 Chapter Highlights
o Alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays have
different penetrating abilities and shielding requirements.
o Everyone is exposed to environmental background radiation.
o Radioactive nuclides have many uses, including radioactive dating, disease detection, and therapy.
o Radioactive nuclides, such as cobalt-60, are used to destroy certain types of cancer cells. Other radioactive nuclides serve as radioactive tracers.
A tracer is incorporated into another material and moves with its particles. Radioactive tracers can reveal how well substances are passing
through the body, which shows in turn how well the body’s systems are working.
o Nuclear waste must be contained, stored, and disposed of in a way that minimizes harm to people or the environment.
21.4: NUCLEAR FISSION AND NUCLEAR FUSION
 Vocabulary
o nuclear fission – the splitting of the nucleus of a large atom into two or more fragments; releases additional neutrons and energy
o nuclear fusion -- the combination of the nuclei of small atoms to form a larger nucleus; releases energy
 Chapter Highlights
o Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion are nuclear reactions in which the splitting and fusing of nuclei produce more stable nuclei and release
enormous amounts of energy.
o Controlled fission reactions produce energy and radioactive nuclides.
o Nuclear power plants convert the heat produced by nuclear fission into electrical energy.
o Fusion reactions produce the sun’s energy in the form of heat and light. If fusion reactions could be controlled, they would produce more usable
energy per gram of fuel than fission reactions.
Relationship of [H3O+] to [OH–]
pH Values of Some Common Materials
NOT USED
TOPIC #1: REACTION RATES AND EQUILIBRIUM -- Chapters 17 & 18
17.1: THE REACTION PROCESS
 Vocabulary
o reaction mechanism
o intermediate
o homogenous reaction
o collision theory
o activation energy
o activated complex
17.2: REACTION RATE
 Vocabulary
o chemical kinetics
o heterogeneous reactions
o catalysis
o homogeneous catalyst
o heterogeneous catalyst
o rate law
o order
o rate-determining step
18.1: THE NATURE OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
 Vocabulary
o chemical equilibrium expression
18.2: SHIFTING EQUILIBRIUM
 Vocabulary
o common-ion effect
18.3: EQUILIBRIA OF ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS
 Vocabulary
o acid ionization constant
o buffered solution
o hydrolysis
18.4: SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIUM
 Vocabulary
o solubility product constant
TOPIC #2: OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS -- Chapter 19
19.1: OXIDATION AND REDUCTION
 Vocabulary
19.3: OXIDIZING AND REDUCING AGENTS
 Vocabulary
o reducing agent
o oxidizing agent
o disproportionation
TOPIC #3: BIOCHEMISTRY -- Chapters 22 & 23
22.1: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
 Vocabulary
o catenation
o isomer
o structural formula
o structural isomer
o geometric isomer
22.2: HYDROCARBONS
 Vocabulary
o saturated hydrocarbon
o cycloalkane
o alkyl group
o natural gas
o petroleum
o unsaturated hydrocarbon
o aromatic hydrocarbon
o benzene
22.3: FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
 Vocabulary
o functional group
o alcohol
o alkyl halide
o ether
o aldehyde
o ketone
o amine
o carboxylic acid
o ester
22.4: ORGANIC REACTIONS
 Vocabulary
o substitution reaction
o addition reaction
o condensation reaction
o elimination reaction
o monomer
o copolymer
23.1: CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS
 Vocabulary
o monosaccharide
o disaccharide
o condensation reaction
o hydrolysis
o polysaccharide
o fatty acid
o saponification
23.2: AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS
 Vocabulary
o amino acid
o enzyme
o denaturation
23.3: METABOLISM
 Vocabulary
o metabolism
o autotroph
o adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
o heterotroph
o adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
o catabolism
o anabolism
23.4: NUCLEIC ACIDS
 Vocabulary
o DNA replication
o Cloning
21.1: THE NUCLEUS
 Vocabulary
o nucleon
o nuclide
o mass defect
o nuclear binding energy
o nuclear shell model
o magic numbers
o transmutation
21.2: RADIOACTIVE DECAY
o nuclear radiation
o radioactive nuclide
o positron
o electron capture
o decay series
o parent nuclide
o daughter nuclide
o artificial transmutation
o transuranium element
21.3: NUCLEAR RADIATION
 Vocabulary
TOPIC #4: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY -- Chapter 21
o roentgen
o rem
o film badge
o Geiger-Müller counter
o scintillation counter
o radioactive dating
o radioactive tracer
o nuclear waste
21.4: NUCLEAR FISSION AND NUCLEAR FUSION
o chain reaction
o critical mass
o nuclear reactor
o nuclear power plant
o shielding
o control rod
o moderator
CH. 20: Electrochemistry
20.1: INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROCHEMISTRY
 Vocabulary
o electrochemistry
o electrode
o half-cell
o anode
o cathode
o Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with electricity-related applications of redox reactions.
o The electrode immersed in an electrolyte solution is a half-cell.
o The anode is the electrode where oxidation takes place. The cathode is the electrode where reduction occurs.
o The cell consists of electrodes connected by a wire along which the electron travels and a salt bridge (or porous barrier) through which ions
transfer to balance the charge.
o An electrochemical cell is a system of electrodes and electrolytes in which either chemical reactions produce electrical energy or electric current
produces chemical change.
20.2: VOLTAIC CELLS
 Vocabulary
o voltaic cell
o reduction potential
o electrode potential
o standard electrode potential
o A voltaic cell, sometimes called a galvanic cell, uses a spontaneous redox reaction to produce electrical energy. Examples of voltaic cells are
batteries and fuel cells.
o Fuel cells are voltaic cells in which the reactants are continuously supplied and the products are continuously removed.
o The potential difference must be measured across a complete cell because no transfer of electrons can occur unless both the anode and cathode
are connected to form a complete circuit.
o Thus, the standard electrode potential for a half-cell is measured against the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE).
o Standard reduction potentials, E0, are stated as reduction half-reactions. Effective oxidizing agents have positive E0 values, while effective
reducing agents have negative E0 values.
o A voltaic cell has an E0
o Corrosion occurs when iron is exposed to oxygen and water. One of the best methods to prevent corrosion is by the use of sacrificial anodes.
20.3: ELECTROLYTIC CELLS
 Vocabulary
o electrolytic cell
o electroplating
o electrolysis
o Electrolytic cells are cells in which electrical energy from an external source causes a nonspontaneous reaction to occur.
o An electrolytic cell has an E0
o Electrolysis has great economic impact. Applications of electrolytic cells are electroplating of metallic surfaces, rechargeable batteries, aluminum
production, and purification of metals.