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Tutorials • • • • • • • • Glycolysis Pentose phosphate pathway Glucose-6-phosphate-biochemical intersections Pyruvate-lactate Phosphorylases, phosphatases, kinases Cyclic AMP and hormonal action Insights into regulation Energy in metabolism All Mean the Same Features Acetyl-CoA enters forming citrate Citrate is oxidized and decarboxylated 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP are formed Oxaloacetate returns to form citrate CO2 6 Citrate CO2 5 a-ketoglutarate cis-Aconotate Isocitrate 4 Succinyl-CoA Succinate Cycle Intermediates Fumarate Malate Oxaloacetate More Reduced More Oxidized CH3C ~ S-CoA CARBON BALANCE O 4 Oxaloacetate 4 Malate Citrate 6 2 carbons in 2 carbons out 4 Fumarate Isocitrate 6 CO2 a-ketoglutarate 5 CO2 4 Succinate Succinyl-CoA 4 Reactions of Acetyl-CoA Split here H H C-C~S-CoA .. H O CH3-C~S-CoA O Acetylations or Acylations HS-CoA S-CoA O C=O COO H2C C-OH COO C=O CH2 COO OAA Carbanion Citrate Synthase (a lyase) CH2 COO Citroyl-CoA Citrate CH3-C~SCoA O Citrate Synthase COO- COOC=O CH2 HS-CoA -OOC-CH 2- C-OH CH2 COO- COO- Oxaloacetate (OAA) CH2COOHO-C-COO- Acetyl-CoA CH2COO- Citric Acid or Citrate Isocitrate Formation CH2COO-H2O HO-C-COOH-C-COOH Citrate CH2COOC-COO- +H2O H C-COO- cis-Aconitate Aconitase CH2COOH-C-COO- HO-C-COOH Isocitrate CH2COOH-C-COO- CO2 HO-C-COOH NAD+ NADH + H+ Isocitrate COOCH2 CH2 C=O COO- a-Ketoglutarate Isocitrate Dehydrogenase COOCH2 CH2 C=O NAD+ FAD Lipoic acid HS-CoA TPP COO- a-Ketoglutarate CO2 COOCH2 CH2 C~SCoA O Succinyl-CoA a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Complex Thioester bond energy conserved as GTP COOCH2 CH2 C~SCoA O Pi + GDP GTP Succinyl-CoA HS-CoA COOCH2 CH2 COO- Succinate Succinyl-CoA Synthetase Dicarboxylic Acids COOCOO- COOCH2 Oxalate COOCH2 Malonate COOCOOCH2 Succinate CH2 COO- CH2 CH2 COO- Glutarate COOC=O CH2 CH2 COO- a-Ketoglutarate COOC=O CH2 COO- Oxaloacetate FAD FADH2 NAD+ NADH + H+ H2O COOH COOH C C C H C COOH Succinate H COOH COOH C OH C=O H C COOH Fumarate COOH Malate C COOH Oxaloacetate Pyruvate carboxylase Pyruvate dehydrogenase Amino Acids that Become Kreb Cycle Intermediates Anaplerotic Reactions (To fill) COOH COOH + H3N C H COOH C=O + H3N C H CH2 COOH C=O CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 COOH COOH COOH COOH OAA glutamate aspa rtate aketo gluta rate a-ketoacids are analogues of a-amino acids
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