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The Endomembrane System Rough ER Transport vesicle from ER Golgi apparatus Secretory vesicle from Golgi Secretory protein Vacuole Plasma membrane Lysosome The Endoplasmic Reticulum – Produces an enormous variety of molecules – Is composed of smooth and rough ER Nuclear envelope Ribosomes Rough ER Smooth ER The Endoplasmic Reticulum After the rough ER synthesizes a molecule it packages the molecule into transport vesicles 4 Transport vesicle buds off Ribosome 3 Secretory protein inside transport vesicle Protein 1 Polypeptide 2 Rough ER The Golgi Apparatus – Works in partnership with the ER – Refines, stores, and distributes the products of cells Transport vesicle from ER “Receiving” side of Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus New vesicle forming Transport vesicle from the Golgi “Shipping” side of Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane Lysosomes • A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac – It contains digestive enzymes – The enzymes break down macromolecules – They break down damaged organelles Lysosome Digestion Damaged organelle (b) Lysosome breaking down damaged organelle Vacuoles Vacuoles are membranous sacs Cellular energy conversion Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, which involves the production of ATP from food molecules Outer membrane Inner membrane Cristae Matrix Space between membranes Figure 4.18 Cytoskeleton ● Provides mechanical support to the cell and maintain its shape *microtubules The Cytoskeleton *microfilaments (actin filaments) *intermediate filaments Microfilaments Microtubules *centrosome *centrioles Cilia and Flagella Cilia and flagella are motile appendages • Flagella propel the cell in a whiplike motion • Cilia move in a coordinated back-and-forth motion Cilia and Flagella “9 + 2” basal body The Cytoskeleton dynein – motor molecules Plant Cells Not in animal cells Cytoskeleton Mitochondrion Central vacuole Nucleus Cell wall Rough endoplamsic reticulum (ER) Chloroplast Ribosomes Plasma membrane Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Plasmodesmata Golgi apparatus Plant Cells Plant cells are encased by cell walls Walls of two adjacent plant cells Vacuole Plasmodesmata (channels between cells) Chloroplasts Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to chemical energy Inner and outer membranes of envelope Granum Space between membranes Stroma (fluid in chloroplast) Origin of Eukaryotes
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