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Download PPT Notes: Rise of Civilizations
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Rise of Civilizations Downfall of Sumer 3000 to 2000 BCE city-states at constant war Sargon of Akkad Around 2350 B.C., Sargon from Akkad defeats city-states of Sumer Creates first empire His dynasty lasts about 200 years Babylonian Amorites Make Empire take control of region around 2000 B.C. Babylon, on Euphrates River, the capital Babylonian Empire at peak during Hammurabi’s rule (1792-1750 B.C.) Hammurabi’s Code Hammurabi creates a code of laws for the Babylonian Empire 282 laws on all aspects of life; engraved in stone and made public Set different punishments depending on social class, gender Goal for government to take responsibility for order, justice Amorite rule for Fertile Crescent ends 200 years after Hammurabi Seafaring Traders The Minoan People The Minoans, powerful seafaring people, live on Crete in Aegean Sea Dominate trade in eastern Mediterranean from 2000 to 1400 B.C. Culture influences others, especially Greeks Unearthing a Brilliant Civilization Excavations of Knossos, capital city of Minoan civilization, revealed: Minoans were peaceful, athletic, lovers of nature and beauty Women had major role, especially in religion Sacrificed animals, and sometimes people, to gods Archaeologists name civilization Minoa after King Minos King Minos—legendary king who owned a minotaur Minoan Culture’s Mysterious End Earthquakes in 1700 B.C. caused damage, but Minoans rebuild In 1470 B.C. major earthquakes and volcanic eruption Minoans never recover from disasters Invaders from Greece take Minoan lands The Phoenician People Phoenicians—powerful traders in wealthy city-states along Mediterranean Skilled shipbuilders, seafarers; sailed around continent of Africa Commercial Outposts Around the Mediterranean Phoenicians set up colonies in western and central Mediterranean Famous for red-purple dye produced from snail Phoenicia’s Great Legacy: The Alphabet Developed system of writing to record trade deals Later developed into western alphabet Trade Links Peoples Land routes link Mediterranean world and Asia Indian traders sail to Southeast Asia and Indonesia Trade helps spread culture, ideas, religion Origins of Judaism Ancient Palestine Palestine was region on eastern shores of Mediterranean Hebrew people settled in Canaan, land promised to them by God From Ur to Egypt Torah, first five books of Hebrew Bible, tells early history of Hebrews In Torah, God chose Abraham, a shepherd, to be father of Hebrew people Abraham moves family and herds from Ur to Canaan around 1800 B.C. Around 1650 B.C. Abraham’s descendants move to Egypt The God of Abraham Hebrews are monotheists, believing in one God only—Yahweh Yahweh is all powerful, not a physical being A mutual promise, covenant, is made between God and Abraham Abraham promises to obey God, Yahweh promises protection Hebrews Migrate to Egypt At first Hebrews are honored in Egyptian kingdom; later become slaves “Let My People Go” Hebrews flee Egypt between 1300 and 1200 B.C. Bible tells of God’s command that Moses lead this “Exodus” A New Covenant Moses receives Ten Commandments—become basis of Hebrew law The Land and People of the Bible Torah tells of Hebrews wandering Sinai Desert for 40 years Arrive in Canaan form twelve tribes; judges provide leadership A Hebrew Law Women and men have separate roles, responsibilities Law includes strict justice softened by mercy Prophets arise later to interpret the law They teach people to live moral lives The Kingdom of Israel Canaan Solomon Builds the Kingdom Land that Hebrews believe God promised them David’s son Solomon becomes King; makes Israel a trading empire Canaan land is harsh; Hebrews expand south and north He builds a magnificent temple and royal palace in Jerusalem Saul and David Establish a Kingdom The Kingdom Divides High taxes and forced labor lead Jews in north to revolt Hebrews threatened by Philistines to the north By 922 B.C. kingdom divides in two— Israel in north, Judah in south Only one tribe remains, Judah; Hebrew religion called Judaism 200 years of conflict follow From 1020 to 922 B.C. Hebrews (Jews) unite; new kingdom called Israel King David establishes Jerusalem as capital The Babylonian Captivity A Conquered People In 738 B.C. Israel and Judah pay tribute (money for peace) to Assyria By 722 B.C. Assyrians conquer Israel In 586 B.C. Babylonians conquer Judah, destroy Solomon’s Temple Many surviving Jews exiled to Babylon In 539 B.C. Persians conquer Babylon; 40,000 Jews return to Jerusalem Temple and walls rebuilt; land later ruled by Persians, Greeks, Romans Egypt Egypt’s Settlements Arise along the 4,100-mile Nile River on narrow strip of fertile land The Gift of the Nile Yearly flooding brings water and fertile black mud—silt Farmers build irrigation system for wheat and barley crops Egyptian’s worship Nile as a god Environmental Challenges Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt Light floods reduce crops, cause starvation River area south of First Cataract is elevated, becomes Upper Egypt Heavy floods destroy property; deserts isolate and protect Egyptians Cataract—where boulders turn Nile River into churning rapids River area north, including Nile delta, becomes Lower Egypt Delta—land formed by silt deposits at mouth of river; triangular Egypt unites into a kingdom King Narmer Creates Egyptian Dynasty Villages of Egypt ruled by two kingdoms—Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt King Narmer unites them around 3000 B.C.; makes Memphis capital Establishes first Egyptian dynasty Pharaohs Rule as Gods To the Egyptians, kings are gods; Egyptian god kings called pharaohs Pharaohs control religion, government, army, well-being of kingdom Government based on religious authority—theocracy Builders of the Pyramids Kings believed to rule even after death; have eternal life force, ka Build elaborate tombs, pyramids, to meet needs after death Pyramids made with blocks of stone, 2-15 tons each; 481 ft. high Kingdom had leadership, government; economically strong Egyptian Culture Religion and Life Egyptians believe in 2,000 gods and goddesses—polytheistic Re is sun god, Osiris, god of the dead; goddess Isis is ideal woman Believe in life after death; person judged by deeds at death Develop mummification, process that prevents body from decaying Book of the Dead contains prayers and spells, guides soul after death Life in Egyptian society Social Classes Egyptian Writing Society shaped like pyramid, from Pharaoh down to farmers, laborers In hieroglyphics writing system, pictures represent ideas Few people at top have great power; most people at bottom Paperlike sheets made from papyrus reeds used for writing People move into higher social classes through marriage or merit Women have many of the same rights as men Egyptian Science and Technology Egyptians invent calendar of 365 days and 12 months Develop system of written numbers and a form of geometry Skilled engineers and architects construct palaces, pyramids Egyptian medicine famous in the ancient world Invaders control Egypt Changes to Egyptian Society Power of Pharaohs declines about 2180 B.C.; end of Old Kingdom In Middle Kingdom (2040 to 1640 B.C.), some pharaohs regain control Improve trade, dig canal from Nile to Red Sea, drain swamps for farms Hyksos move into Egypt from Palestine; rule from 1630 to 1523 B.C. Egyptian and Nubian Empires Invaders About 1640 B.C., Asian warriors, the Hyksos, use chariots to conquer Egypt Hebrews Migrate to Egypt Hebrews move to Egypt from Canaan around 1650 B.C. Egyptians resent the presence of Hebrews and Hyksos in Egypt Expulsion and Slavery Egyptians drive out the hated Hyksos Hebrews lose protection of Hyksos; are enslaved The New Kingdom of Egypt Technological Changes About 1570 to 1075 B.C. pharaohs create New Kingdom, a powerful empire Army uses bronze weapons and chariots to conquer other lands Hatshepsut’s Prosperous Rule Hatshepsut—pharaoh whose reign most noted for her trade expeditions, not war Thutmose the Empire Builder Thutmose III, Hatshepsut’s stepson, expands Egypt’s empire Invades Palestine, Syria, and Nubia—region around the upper Nile River Egypt most powerful and wealthy during reign of New Kingdom pharaohs The Egyptians and the Hittites An Age of Builders Around 1285 B.C. Egyptians battle the Hittites in Palestine New Kingdom pharaohs built great palaces, magnificent temples Egypt’s pharaoh, Ramses II, and the Hittite king sign a peace treaty Valley of the Kings near Thebes is home to royal tombs Ramses II builds impressive temples with enormous statues of himself The Empire Declines Invasion by Land and Sea “Sea Peoples” (possibly Philistines) cause great destruction in Egypt Libyan raids on villages and Palestine rebellions weaken empire Egypt’s Empire Fades Weakened empire breaks into smaller kingdoms From around 950 to 730 B.C. Libyan pharaohs rule Egypt, erect cities The Kushites conquer the Nile Region Egypt and Kush From 2000 to 1000 B.C., Egypt dominates kingdom of Kush in Nubia The People of Nubia Live south of Egypt near division of Blue Nile and White Nile Nile River is a great trade route for goods and ideas Nubians link Egypt and Mediterranean to African interior through trade The Interaction of Egypt and Nubia Egyptian culture influences Nubia and beyond to southern Africa About 1200 B.C., Nubia gains independence but keeps Egyptian culture Piankhi Captures the Egyptian Throne In 751 B.C., Kushite king Piankhi conquers Egypt, ousts Libyans Assyrians overcome Kushites and take Egypt The Golden Age of Meroë Meroë Kushites settle Meroë; join in trade with Africa, Arabia, India The Wealth of Kush Meroë becomes important center for iron weapons and tools Iron products transported to Red Sea, exchanged for luxury goods The Decline of Meroë Meroë thrives from about 250 B.C. to A.D. 150, then declines Aksum, 400 miles southeast, dominates North African trade Has port on Red Sea, defeats Meroë in A.D. 350 The Assyrian Empire Assyria Assyria uses military might to acquire empire across Southwest Asia The Rise of a Warrior People After invasions in Mesopotamia, Assyrians develop warlike behavior Assyrian king Sennacherib brutally destroys enemies Military Organization and Conquest Glorified armies wear metal armor, copper helmets, leather protection Use iron weapons, engineering skill, and brute force to conquer cities Kill, enslave, or banish captive peoples to distant lands The Empire Expands Kings of Assyria Defeat Syria, Palestine, Babylonia between 850 and 650 B.C. Assyrian Rule Creates central authority over local governors of dependent regions Collects taxes and tribute from conquered lands Assyrian Culture Rulers build great cities, including capital at Nineveh Carved sculptures of military campaigns and the lion hunt King Ashurbanipal builds library of 20,000 tablets; Epic of Gilgamesh Rebirth of Babylon under the Chaldeans Early Warnings Decline and Fall Empire spread thin, cruelty earns many enemies, Ashurbanipal dies Army of Medes and Chaldeans destroys Nineveh (612 B.C.); library survives Rebirth of Babylon Under the Chaldeans Chaldeans make Babylon capital of own empire King Nebuchadnezzar builds legendary hanging gardens of Babylon Builds tall ziggurats; astronomers make discoveries about solar system Chaldean Empire falls to Persians; they adopt Assyrian inventions The Persian Empire The Persian Homeland Persia (ancient Iran) has fertile land and minerals Medes and Persians rose to power there Cyrus the Great Founds an Empire Starting in 550 B.C., Persian king Cyrus conquers neighboring lands Governs with tolerance toward conquered peoples Honors local customs, including religious ones Allows Jews to return to Israel to rebuild temple of Jerusalem Persian Rule Cambyses and Darius Cyrus’s son, Cambyses, conquers Egypt but rules unwisely Darius seizes control, establishes stability; expands empire to India Provinces and Satraps Darius divides empire into 20 areas of local administration Appoints satraps—governors—to rule each area Build Royal Road to make communication within empire easier Issues coins that can be used throughout the empire The Persian Legacy Zoroaster Persian thinker called Zoroaster develops new religion Zoroaster’s Teachings Life is a battleground between good and evil One god will judge us by how well we fight for good Zoroastrianism influenced Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Political Order Through tolerance and good government, Persians bring political order Preserve earlier cultures, find new ways to live and rule
