Download Chapter 42: Internal Transport

Chapter 42: Internal Transport
Fig. 42-3
Heart
Hemolymph in sinuses
surrounding organs
Pores
Blood
Interstitial
fluid
Small branch vessels
In each organ
Dorsal vessel
(main heart)
Tubular heart
(a) An open circulatory system
Heart
Auxiliary hearts
Ventral vessels
(b) A closed circulatory system
Fig. 42-4
Gill capillaries
Artery
Heart
Gill
circulation
Ventricle
Atrium
Vein
Systemic
circulation
Systemic capillaries
Fig. 42-5
Amphibians
Reptiles (Except Birds)
Lung and skin capillaries
Pulmocutaneous
circuit
Atrium (A)
Left
Right
Systemic
circuit
Systemic capillaries
Lung capillaries
Lung capillaries
Right
systemic
aorta
Atrium (A)
Ventricle (V)
Mammals and Birds
Pulmonary
circuit
Pulmonary
circuit
A
A
V
Right
V
Left
Systemic capillaries
Left
systemic
aorta
A
A
V
Right
V
Left
Systemic
circuit
Systemic capillaries
Fig. 42-6
Superior
vena cava
Capillaries of
head and
forelimbs
7
Pulmonary
artery
Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries
of right lung
Aorta
9
3
Capillaries
of left lung
3
2
4
11
Pulmonary
vein
Right atrium
1
Pulmonary
vein
5
Left atrium
10
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Inferior
vena cava
Aorta
8
Capillaries of
abdominal organs
and hind limbs
Fig. 42-7
Pulmonary artery
Aorta
Pulmonary
artery
Right
atrium
Left
atrium
Semilunar
valve
Semilunar
valve
Atrioventricular
valve
Atrioventricular
valve
Right
ventricle
Left
ventricle
Fig. 42-8
2 Atrial systole;
ventricular
diastole
Semilunar
valves
closed
0.1 sec
AV
valves
open
1 Atrial and
ventricular
diastole
0.4 sec
Semilunar
valves
open
0.3 sec
AV valves
closed
3 Ventricular systole;
atrial diastole
Fig. 42-9-5
1 Pacemaker
generates wave of
signals to contract.
SA node
(pacemaker)
ECG
2 Signals are
delayed at
AV node.
AV
node
3 Signals pass
to heart apex.
Bundle
branches
Heart
apex
4 Signals spread
throughout
ventricles.
Purkinje
fibers
Fig. 42-10
Artery
Vein
SEM
100 µm
Endothelium
Smooth
muscle
Connective
tissue
Valve
Basal lamina
Endothelium
Capillary
Smooth
muscle
Connective
tissue
Artery
Vein
Capillary
15 µm
Red blood cell
Venule
LM
Arteriole
Fig. 42-17
Plasma 55%
Constituent
Major functions
Water
Solvent for
carrying other
substances
Cellular elements 45%
Cell type
Number
per µL (mm3) of blood
Erythrocytes
(red blood cells)
5–6 million
Transport oxygen
and help transport
carbon dioxide
Leukocytes
(white blood cells)
5,000–10,000
Defense and
immunity
Ions (blood electrolytes)
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering, and
regulation of
membrane
permeability
Functions
Separated
blood
elements
Plasma proteins
Albumin
Osmotic balance
pH buffering
Fibrinogen
Clotting
Immunoglobulins
(antibodies)
Defense
Lymphocyte
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Substances transported by blood
Nutrients (such as glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)
Waste products of metabolism
Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
Hormones
Platelets
250,000–
400,000
Blood clotting
Fig. 42-18-4
Red blood cell
Collagen fibers
Platelet
plug
Fibrin clot
Platelet releases chemicals
that make nearby platelets sticky
Clotting factors from:
Platelets
Damaged cells
Plasma (factors include calcium, vitamin K)
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
5 µm