Download Atlantic Bluefin Tuna and CITES

OCEANA/Keith Ellenbogen
Atlantic Bluefin Tuna and CITES
Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) has been driven to the edge of collapse by overfishing and the demand
for international trade.
This top predator has been traditionally harvested in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea through
traditional fishing activity like tuna traps, but in recent decades an industrial fishing industry with high tech
purse seine gear has been widely developed, fuelled by government subsidies.
The activity of this huge fleet has focused on the main spawning areas in the Mediterranean Sea, where bluefin
tuna aggregate to spawn in the spring-summer season.1 The development of this fleet has been accompanied by
the development of fattening farms all along the Mediterranean coast, allowing the industry to control both the
market and the fisheries. Additionally, the whole industrial activity has been characterised by high percentages
of catch misreporting and illegal fishing, leading to higher levels of overfishing.
In the western Atlantic Ocean, overfishing led to the adoption of a rebuilding plan in 1999, but this plan has
proved unable to recover the stock, with actual catches below the agreed quotas.2 This depleted stock has not
shown the needed signs of rebuilding since the plan was adopted.
Despite all the clear alarms, the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), the
organisation that brings together all of the countries responsible for managing this tuna fishery, has repeatedly
ignored scientific advice and has failed in controlling and monitoring this fishery.
The ICCAT Standing Committee of Research and Statistics (SCRS) has estimated that North Atlantic bluefin tuna
spawning biomass has been decimated to less than 15 percent of its unfished biomass, with the sharpest decline
occurring in the last decade.3 Bluefin tuna meets the criterion C “marked decline” for inclusion in CITES Appendix
I as a species endangered with extinction.4
In the last few years, nearly all of the declared bluefin tuna caught in the Mediterranean has been exported
overseas.2 The international marine conservation organization Oceana believes that an international trade
ban now is the only option left to prevent the disappearance of endangered bluefin tuna. Oceana urges the
contracting parties to support Monaco’s proposal to include this species in CITES Appendix I.
oceana.org/cites
Facts About Atlantic Bluefin Tuna
• Bluefin tuna can reach three meters in length and weigh up to 400 kg.5
• Most Mediterranean bluefin tuna are caught in international waters by an international fleet.
•In 2007, scientists recommended a 15,000 tones total catch for the Eastern stock. Actual catches were estimated
at 61.000 tones.2
•
Japan is the main market for Atlantic bluefin tuna, where a single specimen can be auctioned for more than $50,000.
Wide Consensus on the Suitability of CITES to Address Stock Decline
There is now wide consensus about the need for an international bluefin tuna trade ban as a result of evidence of the
wide extent of the North Atlantic’s population decline and the imminent threat of stock collapse. This fact is reflected by the
Principality of Monaco’s proposal for including this species in CITES Appendix I.6
Oceana believes that immediate and drastic action is
needed to preserve Atlantic bluefin tuna. This can be
achieved through the inclusion of bluefin tuna in
CITES Appendix I, but without implementation delays or
exemptions that would weaken the measure and promote
the illegal trade of this species worldwide. Now is the time to
decide on a future for the bluefin tuna in our oceans.
oceana.org/cites
© OCEANA/Keith Ellenbogen
This proposal has already been supported by the Ad Hoc
Panel of experts of the United Nations Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO),7 the International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN)8 and the CITES Secretariat9,
which released assessments supporting the Appendix I
listing of Atlantic bluefin tuna based on the available
scientific evidence.
Bluefin tuna purse seiners fishing in international waters of the
Mediterranean Sea.
What is CITES?
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) is an international agreement entered into force in 1975
to prevent species from becoming extinct as a result of international trade. Regulated through export and import permits,
CITES applies to species whose populations may be threatened by international trade. There are approximately 5,000 species
of animals and 28,000 species of plants included in the CITES three appendices. Proposals to include species in Appendices
I and II are considered by the 175 CITES countries at a Conference of the Parties every two to three years. Within the last 30
years, no species that has been included in CITES has gone extinct, thus illustrating its ability to be successful.10
Appendix I is the most stringent inclusion, banning commercial international trade for species who are most threatened
with extinction.
Appendix II is for species that may become threatened with extinction if trade of the species is not strictly regulated.
In addition, species that look similar in appearance to other species included in Appendix II may also be included.
International commercial trade of included species requires an export permit.
© OCEANA/Keith Ellenbogen
Appendix III includes species that an individual Party has asked other parties to assist in the regulation of trade. Trade of the
included species requires an export permit and a certificate of origin.
References
Rooker JR, Alvarado JR, Block B. A., Dewar H., De Metrio G., Corriero A, Kraus R.T., Prince E.P., Rodríguez-Marín E. & D.H Secor. (2007). Life history and stock
structure of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) Review in Fisheries science 15: 265-310.
2
Anon (2009). Report of the 2008 bluefin tuna stock assessment session. Report of the biennial period 2008-09. Part I (Vol.2). International Commission for the
Conservation of Atlantic Tunas.
3
Anon (2009). Extension of the 2009 SCRS Meeting to consider status of Atlantic bluefin tuna populations with respect to CITES biological criteria. 21-23
October, Madrid (Spain). International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas.
4
CITES Resolution Conf 9.24. (Rev CoP 14). Criteria for amendment Appendices I and II.
5
Fromentin J.M. & J.E. Powers (2005). Atlantic bluefin tuna: population dynamics, ecology, fisheries and management. Fish and Fisheries; 6(4): 281-306.
6
CITES CoP 15. Prop 19. Proponent: Monaco.
7
FAO (2010). Report of the third FAO Expert Advisory Panel for the Assessment of Proposals to Amend Appendices I and II of CITES Concerning Commerciallyexploited Aquatic Species.
8
IUCN/TRAFFIC Analyses of the Proposals for CITES CoP 15.
9
CITES. CoP 15. Doc 62. Annex 2. Comments from the Parties and Comments and Recommendations from the Secretariat.
10
Sheikh, P.A. and Corn, M.L. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress: The Convention on International trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora (CITES): Background and Issues. Updated February 5, 2008. pg. 12.
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