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Day 18 Block 2 World History 2 Period 3 The End of World War Two Defeat of the Axis, 1943-45 Stalingrad and Kursk: Russia 1943 1943 was the beginning of the end for the Axis. Germany had just suffered its worst-ever defeat at Stalingrad, and for the first time was on the defensive in Russia. The fighting culminated in a gigantic tank battle that summer in Kursk. Meanwhile, on the home front, the British were inflicting terrible damage on German industrial cities such as Hamburg. Feb 2: German surrender at Stalingrad July 5: Massive tank battle at Kursk July 27: Huge bombing raid on Hamburg Nov 6: Russians recapture Kiev The Second Front: Italy 1943 After winning the Battle of El Alamein the previous October, the Allies pushed on into Libya and Tunisia. By the middle of the year, the Ally troops were able to launch an invasion of Italy. The fighting was difficult, but the opening of a second front relieved some of the pressure on the Soviets. May 13: Afrika Corps surrenders in North Africa July 10: Allies land in Sicily July 26: Fascist government falls; Mussolini arrested Sept 8: Italy surrenders Sept 11: Germany occupies northern Italy Sept 12: Mussolini rescued by German commandos; forms a puppet government ‘D’ Day and the Liberation of France: 1944 By 1944, the Axis was clearly losing the war. For the knockout blow, the Allies launched the invasion of France known as ‘DDay’. This landing of several hundred thousand Allies troops drew German strength away from the Eastern Front, enabling the Russians to rapidly advance. It also enabled the liberation of France after four years of Nazi occupation. June 6: D-Day landings at Normandy June 13: First V-1 rocket attack on Britain June 24: Assassination attempt on Hitler Aug 25: Paris liberated Sept: Belgium liberated Nov: Allies reach German border Russian Offensives 1944 The Russian steamroller advanced with increasing speed in 1944, pushing the Nazis from Russian territory, and advancing almost to the German border. 1.2 million Red Army soldiers took part in Operation Bagration. Jan 6: Soviets enter Poland Jan 27: Leningrad siege lifted after 900 days Jun 9: Soviets advance into Finland June 22: Operation Bagration – the Russian summer offensive July 24: First concentration camp liberated Aug 19: Soviets advance into Romania Sept: Baltic states liberated Dec 27: Siege of Budapest Battle of the Bulge 1944 Staring defeat in the face, the Germans mustered all of their remaining strength for one last offensive. The Ardennes Offensive, known as the Battle of the Bulge, lasted around a month, and saw fierce fighting between American and German troops. The offensive failed and left the way clear for the Allies to march into western Germany. Dec 16: Ardennes Offensive begins Dec 26: Allies begin counterattack Jan 25: Official end of the battle Road to Defeat: 1945 At the beginning of 1945, Germany was hanging by a thread. Vast numbers of Allied troops surrounded her borders, and unconditional surrender was the only acceptable outcome. Hitler vowed to fight on, and so German civilians bore the brunt of the tough fighting of early 1945. Jan 17: Warsaw liberated Jan 26: Auschwitz liberated Feb 13: Dresden destroyed in firebombing March 6: Final German offensive to guard Hungarian oilfields April 1: US troops encircle the Ruhr April 21: Red Army reaches Berlin Collapse: April/May 1945 By April the war was lost. The Soviets fought street by street to capture Berlin, as Hitler cowered in his bunker. At the end of the month, he killed himself. A week later, his successor, Admiral Doenitz, signed the surrender. The most destructive war in human history was over. April 28: Mussolini is captured and hanged April 30: Hitler commits suicide May 2: German troops in Italy surrender May 7: Unconditional surrender of all German troops May 8: V-E (Victory in Europe) Day June 5: Germany is divided between the Allies Nov 20: Nuremberg War Crimes Trials begin By: Kim Michal Photo Credits: http://www.flickr.com/creativecommons/ http://myfdw.com/ Before we begin: Necessary things: A very HIGH level of Respect Maturity Who was Adolf Hitler? Adolf Hitler was born April 20, 1889 Hitler was the dictator of Germany He became dictator in 1933 This is when it all began… http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERhitler.htm Hitler (continued)… “Once I really am in power, my first and foremost task will be the annihilation of the Jews…until all Germany has been completely cleansed of Jews.” -Adolf Hitler, 1922 http://www.shoaheducation.com/endlos ung.html Photo Credit: http://www.librarising.com/astrology/ce lebs/images2/A/adolfhitler.jpg What was The Holocaust? Holocaust is literally defined as: “a sacrifice consumed by fire” But most would define it as: the mass slaughter of European civilians, especially Jews, by the Nazis during World War II Lasted from 1933-1945 http://library.thinkquest.org/12663/summary/whatframe.html Photo Credit: http://www.sunderlandclc.org.uk/UserFiles/File/Holocaust.jpg Who were the victims? Jews Homosexuals Gypsies The Disabled Slavic Peoples Jehovah’s Witnesses http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005143 Concentration Camps Prisoners were forced to go into concentration camps Also called labor camps Some camps were called death camps Controlled by the Nazi’s http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/133b/07Projects/pix/DworkVanPeltBookpicture.jpg http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/133b/07Projects/pix/DworkVanPeltBookpicture.jpg http://frank.mtsu.edu/~baustin/holocamp.html Auschwitz Auschwitz was the largest camp during the Holocaust Prisoners were forced to give up all belongings Children were often killed upon arrival Between 1.1 and 1.5 million prisoners were murdered here http://www.auschwitz.dk/Auschwitz.htm Auschwitz (continued…) Auschwitz was located near the German-Polish border in Upper Silesia The sign of the main gate here states “Arbeit Macht Frei” This translates to “Work Brings Freedom” http://www.sackstark.info/wpcontent/uploads/2008/02/arbeit_macht_frei.jpe g http://www.auschwitz.dk/Auschwitz.htm http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microso ft%20Word%20-%205782.pdf At the camps… Prisoners were forced to do hard labor Prisoners were starved Forced to obey the Nazi’s, and were murdered if they disobeyed Prisoners had no control of their own lives Many prisoners died as a result of incarceration and maltreatment www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005143 The pictures you are about to see can be very disturbing. Please prepare yourself. The Victims… http://www.utexas.edu/features/2005/holoc aust/graphics/holocaust5.jpg http://blog.beliefnet.com/pontifications/imgs/Ebensee%20 concentration%20camp%20prisoners%201945.jpg http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/usa/i mages-3/holocaust-victims-in-bunks.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Holocaust123.JPG http://afeatheradrift.files.wordpres s.com/2009/04/holocaust.jpg http://www.instablogsimages.com/imag es/2009/08/18/holocaust_mass_grave_be lsen_kuiks_19886.jpg Camp Doctors Nazi doctors tortured men, women, and children at death camps Performed experiments on victims Victims were: put into pressure chambers tested with drugs castrated, frozen to death http://www.shoah.dk/doctor s/ Camp Doctors (continued)… Children were exposed to : Experimental surgeries without anesthesia Blood transfusions from one to another Isolation endurance Injections of lethal germs Sex change operations Removal of organs and limbs http://www.shoah.dk/doctors/ Josef Mengele Known as Angel of Death Performed experiments on twins: Carried out twin to twin transfusions Stitched twins together Castrated or sterilized twins Organ and limb removal http://www.shoah.dk/doctors/ http://www.gesch.med.unierlangen.de/gewissen/ausstell/zwill/_bild/23 _25.jpg http://www.ushmm.org/lcmedia/phot o/lc/image/59/5961.jpg Ways of Genocide Gas chambers Cremation Starvation Malnutrition Torture Death Marches http://www.scrapbookpages.com/mauthausen/Tour/PhotoTour03.html http://www.uiowa.edu/policult/assets/postWWII_holocaust/crematorium.jpg http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005143 Liberation of the Camps Liberation began in 1944 Soviets liberated Auschwitz in 1945 U.S. forces liberated Buchenwald in 1945 Remaining camps were liberated in 1945 “Liberators confronted unspeakable conditions in the Nazi camps, where piles of corpses lay unburied” http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?Modul eId=10005131 http://scrapbookpages.com/poland/Auschw itz/OldPhotos/AuschwitzLiberation.jpg The Numbers 11 million prisoners were murdered 6 million victims were Jews Number of European Jews who survived: 3,546,211 Percentages: Polish Jews killed: 91% German Jews killed: 36% Jews killed in Europe during war: 63% http://www.jewishmag.co.il/109mag/holocaustnumbers/holocaustnumbers.htm www.etni.org.il/holocaust/holocaust_numbers.doc Words from Survivors… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ER 1sRYDAYY&feature=channel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJd qDuA9Vp8 Please grab an Ipad Google: Rescuers those who risked their lives to save others Click on the first link AZ/US History 1 Period 2 Two groups of people had emerged: Federalists - someone who supports a strong centralized government and Anti-Federalists - someone who supports states rights and does not like strong central government Anti-Federalists thought the "Great Compromise" was not good enough. They wanted more representation. They worried that 1 person could not adequately represent 30,000 people. The Federalists disagreed. • Read the Documents and fill out the Graphic Organizer on the back. • What was Hamilton's position on representation? • What was Smith's position? • What arguments did they make in support of their claims? • Based on these arguments what type of people would you guess tended to be Federalist? Anti-Federalists? • If you could have chosen, what side would you have supported? • Do you see versions of these issues being debated today? • Now look at the chart given you and discuss the differences between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists. • Please complete a Venn-Diagram that would display this. • What actually happened? • New York Ratified the Constitution by a vote of 30-27 (the narrowest margin of victory of any state that met in 1787-1788). • The Anti-Federalists lost the battle, but won the war. The first 10 amendments to the Constitution - the bill of rights - were ratified in 1791. These addressed many of the issues that the AntiFederalists raised in the convention. Az/US History 2 Period 3 • Read about your new Deal Program and answer the questions on the back. AZ/US History 2 Period 4 • Read about your new Deal Program and answer the questions on the back.