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MUTATIONS 2 Bases: A, T, C, G Codons: Words Genes: Chapters DNA Chromosome: Book MUTATIONS IN CELL DIVISION Mitosis Meiosis Not passed on to offspring Can be passed on to offspring MUTATIONS CAN AFFECT: A single gene Gene An entire chromosome MUTATIONS CAN AFFECT: A single gene An entire chromosome Gene 2 4 Gene 1. Sequence Mutations 2. Frameshift Mutations 1. SEQUENCE MUTATION Gene Pancake Panvake A T C G 1. SEQUENCE MUTATION Gene Pancake Panvake 2. FRAMESHIFT MUTATION Gene Insertion: Pancaake Pancake Deletion: Pancake Panake 0 Genes Chromosome Codons http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADru%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_slovn%C3%ADk_nau%C4%8Dn%C3%BD The cat ate the rat Thc ata tet her at The cat ate the rat Thc ata tet her at REVIEW 2 2 THAT AFFECT A SINGLE GENE Gene Sequence/Point Mutation Frameshift Mutation MUTATIONS CAN AFFECT: 1. Gene duplication 2. Gene deletion 3. Gene inversion 4. Translocation An entire chromosomes MUTATIONS CAN AFFECT: 1. Gene duplication 2. Gene deletion 3. Gene inversion 4. Translocation An entire chromosomes MUTATIONS CAN AFFECT: 1. Gene duplication 2. Gene deletion 3. Gene inversion 4. Translocation An entire chromosomes MUTATIONS CAN AFFECT: 1. Gene duplication 2. Gene deletion 3. Gene inversion 4. Translocation An entire chromosomes 1. GENE DUPLICATION An entire chromosomes 2. GENE DELETION An entire chromosomes 2. GENE DELETION An entire chromosomes 3. GENE INVERSION An entire chromosomes 4. TRANSLOCATION An entire chromosomes MUTATIONS IN CELL DIVISION Mitosis Meiosis Not passed on to offspring Can be passed on to offspring EFFECTS OF MUTATIONS How serious the results of a mutation are depends on: • The type of mutation • The number of genes involved • The location of the mutation EFFECTS OF MUTATIONS • A mutated gene can produce a protein that doesn’t function properly. • A cell could lose its ability to make one of the proteins it needs. • Some mutations can cause genetic disorders. PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME SOME GENETIC DISORDERS PKU Cystic Fibrosis Williams Syndrome Breast and ovarian cancer Sickle Cell Disease Albinism Tay-Sachs Disease Rarely, if ever, is a mutation beneficial. Sickle Cell Disease (better able to survive Malaria) MUTATIONS It’s important to understand mutations because of the important role they are supposed to play in the theory of evolution. Origins 101 Recorded at Chattanooga Public RadioSM Classical 90.5 WSMC Original Graphics by Ron Hight Susan Landon Images By Images may appear on more than one slide. Citation is given on the first slide where each image appears. [2] DNA, chromosome, and cell, Susan Landon [2a] Photo of Table of Contents page, Ron Hight [2c] Book 177425492, badahos, Thinkstock, Thinkstock Image Subscription Agreement [3a] Mitosis animation, purchased from Edumedia, https://www.edumediasciences.com/en/a70-mitosis [3b] Meiosis animation, purchased from Edumedia, https://www.edumediasciences.com/en/a418-meiosis [4a] DNA Susan, Landon [4b] Chromosome, Susan Landon [7b] Point mutation, Ron Hight [8] Nucleotide bases, Susan Landon [11] Frameshift deletion, Ron Hight [13] Frameshift insertion, Ron Hight Images By [23a] Gene duplication, Ron Hight [24a] Gene deletion, Ron Hight [26a] Gene inversion, Ron Hight [27a] Translocation, Ron Hight [28a] Cell 000045876032 7activestudio, Getty Images (US), Inc. Subscription [28b] Sperm cell 178755818, ThorstenSchmitt, Thinkstock, Thinkstock Image Subscription Agreement [31b] Chromosomes 134153911, somersault18:24, Thinkstock, Thinkstock Image Subscription Agreement Special Thanks Tim Trott, PhD Biology Professor, Southern Adventist University Foundation for Adventist Education © Origins Curriculum Resources 2015 © Southern Adventist University 2015 © Seventh-day Adventist North American Division 2015 © General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists 2015 © SCORE Southern Center for Origins Research & Education 2015