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A. Top. Graphic representation of the systolic pressure difference (green shaded area) between left ventricle and left atrium with phonocardiographic
recording of a holosystolic murmur (HSM) indicative of mitral regurgitation. ECG, electrocardiogram; LVP, left ventricular pressure; LAP, left atrial
pressure; S1, first heart sound; S2 second heart sound. Bottom. Graphic representation of the systolic pressure gradient (green shaded area) between left
ventricle and aorta in patient with aortic stenosis. A midsystolic murmur (MSM) with a crescendo-decrescendo configuration is recorded. AOP, aortic
pressure. B. Top. Graphic representation of the diastolic pressure difference between the aorta and left ventricle (blue shaded area) in a patient with aortic
regurgitation, resulting in a decrescendo, early diastolic murmur (EDM) beginning with A2. Bottom. Graphic representation of the diastolic left atrial–left
Source: Chapter 227. Physical Examination of the Cardiovascular System, Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18e
ventricular gradient (blue areas) in a patient with mitral stenosis with a mid-diastolic murmur (MDM) and late presystolic murmurs (PSM).
Citation: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18e; 2012 Available at:
http://mhmedical.com/ Accessed: May 12, 2017
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved
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