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Communicable/ NonCommunicable Diseases Lesson 1 Disease: a condition that interferes with the proper functioning of the body and mind Communicable Disease: disease that can be spread to a person from another person, an animal or an object Pathogens: germs that causes disease Germs: organisms that are so small they can only be seen through a microscope ◦ When germs enter your body, you can develop an infection Germs and Diseases Viruses: the smallest and simplest pathogens ◦ Colds and Flu ◦ Cannot be cured with antibiotics ◦ Molds, yeast and mushrooms ◦ Thrive in warm, moist environments ◦ Causes athlete’s foot Bacteria: simple onecelled organisms Some bacteria are helpful, it can be found in the digestive tract. Can be treated with antibiotics Fungi: organisms that are more complex than bacteria but cannot make their own food Protozoa: one-celled organisms that are more complex than bacteria ◦ Mostly harmless but can cause serious illness Types of Pathogens Direct Contact ◦ Most common way pathogens are spread is by touching another person. ◦ Contact with infected blood ◦ Vector: organism, such as an insect, that transmits pathogens ◦ Ticks can spread Lyme Disease ◦ Mosquitoes can spread malaria or West Nile Virus Dirty needles used for tattooing or piercing ◦ Sexual contact Indirect Contact ◦ If someone sneezes or coughs, pathogens are in the air. ◦ Spread by sharing drinking glasses or utensils Contact with animals or insects Contaminated Food and Water ◦ If food is undercooked or improperly stored ◦ Foodborne Illness (food poisoning) ◦ Wash all fruits and vegetables before eating How Pathogens Spread Hygiene: cleanliness Protecting Yourself ◦ Stay away from people who are sick Contagious: able to spread to others by direct or indirect contact ◦ Wash your hands ◦ Do not share hygiene items ◦ Keep your hands and fingers away from your mouth, nose and eyes ◦ Don’t bit your fingernails ◦ Handle and prepare food safely ◦ Wash vegetables and fruits before eating ◦ Wash counters thoroughly with paper towels or a clean sponge or cloth ◦ Keep your environment clean ◦ Eat a balanced diet ◦ Bathe and shower regularly ◦ Avoid tobacco products, alcohol and other drugs ◦ Get 8-9 hours of sleep ◦ Rest when you are sick ◦ Check with parents or guardians to make sure your immunizations are up to date ◦ Learn healthy ways to manage your stress ◦ Get regular physical checkups Stopping the Spread of Pathogens Protecting Others ◦ Stay home if you are sick ◦ Cover your mouth with a tissue when you sneeze or cough ◦ Take medication correctly Noncommunicable diseases: a disease that cannot be spread from one person to another Chronic disease: diseases that are present continuously or off and on over a long time ◦ Asthma Degenerative diseases: causes a further breakdown in body cells, tissues, and organs as they progress ◦ Multiple sclerosis (MS) Noncommunicable Diseases Diseases present at birth ◦ Congenital disorders: all disorders that are present when a baby is born Physical or mental disabilities ◦ Birth defects or genetic disorders ◦ Heredity: the passing of traits from parents to their biological children ◦ Congenital heart disease ◦ Some birth defects are caused by a mother’s choice Drinking alcohol while pregnant can cause Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) ◦ Heart defects, poor coordination, problems with speech, thinking or social skills What causes Noncommunicable Diseases? Lifestyle Choices and Diseases ◦ Certain risk facts increase a person’s chance of developing a disease. ◦ Heredity, age, gender, and ethnic groups are factors people have no control over. ◦ Lack of physical activity, being overweight or eating unhealthy foods can lead to heart disease ◦ Smoking tobacco can cause lung cancer ◦ To decrease your risk of disease: Eat healthful foods Stay physically active Maintain a healthy weight Get enough sleep Manage stress Avoid tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs Environmental Factors and Disease ◦ Environmental affects your health. ◦ Air pollution can cause asthma, emphysema, bronchitis and even lung cancer. ◦ Smog is a yellow-brown haze that forms when sunlight reacts with air pollution. ◦ Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas and is another harmful environmental substance. Fumes from car exhaust and some furnaces High levels of carbon monoxide gas can cause serious illness or even death. ◦ Exposure to tobacco smoke can increase risk of asthma attacks, respiratory infections, ear infections, heart disease and lung cancer. Communicable/Noncommunicable Diseases Lesson 2 Pathogens are everywhere. 5 major barriers ◦ Skin is the largest organ, protects the inner organs ◦ Tears and saliva contain chemicals that kill certain germs ◦ Mucous membranes protect the inside of your mouth, throat, nose and eyes. It is coated with sticky fluid that destroys germs. ◦ Stomach acid kills germs that make it past the saliva and mucous membrane Infections: the result of pathogens or germs invading the body, multiplying and harming some of your body’s cells ◦ Can trigger a fever, which increases the body temperature to make it difficult for pathogens to live Keeping Pathogens Out Immune System: a combination of body defenses made up of the cells, tissues and organs that fight pathogens in the body Inflammation: the body’s response to injury or disease, resulting in a condition of swelling, pain, heat and redness When pathogens enter the body, your brain tells your blood cells to rush to the area. White blood cells destroy the pathogens. If the pathogen multiplies, your body temperature may rise (fever). More white blood cells will be produce to attack and destroy the pathogen. This is called nonspecific because it response the same way not matter what the pathogen. Nonspecific Immune Response Specific response attacks pathogens individually. If this pathogen has been in your body before the body remembers how to attack it. Lymphatic system: secondary circulatory system that helps the body fight pathogens and maintain its fluid balance. ◦ Lymphocytes: special white blood cells in the blood and lymphatic system B cells and T cells work together to defeat invading pathogens ◦ T cells identify the invading pathogen ◦ B cells kill the invading pathogen Macrophages destroy foreign substances in the body and remove it from the lymph Antigens: substances that send the immune system into action Antibodies: specific proteins that attach to antigens, keeping them from harming the body Specific Immune Response The ability to resist the pathogens that cause a particular disease Immunity developed by: ◦ Mother’s milk (breastfeeding) ◦ Memory cells (when you get sick) ◦ Vaccines: a preparation of dead or weakened pathogens that is introduced into the body to cause an immune response Immunity Communicable/Noncommunicable Diseases Lesson 3 Most common communicable disease Cold symptoms ◦ Runny nose, headache, sore throat, coughing, sneezing and mild fever There are hundreds of different viruses that cause the common cold. During the first 24 hours your cold is contagious. Could use over-the-counter medicines to help relieve your cold symptoms. The Common Cold Influenza: highly communicable viral disease characterized by fever, chills, fatigue, headache, muscle aches and respiratory symptoms Resting and drinking lots of fluids can help you recover faster Scientists meet every year to determine which strain of the flu will spread faster during the next flu season. ◦ Then they develop a flu vaccine. The Flu Contagious period: the length of time that a particular disease can be spread from person to person Chicken pox ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Contagious for 1 week before symptoms appear. Symptoms: itchy, bumpy rash, fever, and aching muscles Itchy bumps will blister and then dry up When they are dry, the disease is not longer contagious. A vaccine has decreased its occurrence. Measles ◦ Symptoms: rash, fever, and head and body aches ◦ Contagious a few days before symptoms appear Contagious about 5 days after the symptoms appear ◦ Vaccine is available Other Communicable Diseases Mumps Mononucleosis Hepatitis ◦ Symptoms: fever, headache, swollen salivary glands ◦ Contagious a week before symptoms appear and for 9 days after ◦ Vaccine is available ◦ A viral disease characterized by a severe sore throat and swelling of the lymph glands in the neck and around the throat ◦ Common among teens and young adults, known as “kissing disease” ◦ Can also be spread by sharing contaminated drinking glasses and eating utensils ◦ Fatigue, loss of appetite, fever, and headache ◦ Rest is the best treatment ◦ Viral disease characterized by an inflammation of the liver and yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes ◦ Symptoms: fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, fever, headaches and sore throat ◦ Hepatitis A, B, and C are 3 different virus types. ◦ Hepatitis B: a disease caused by the hepatitis B virus that affects the liver ◦ Usually spread through contact with infected blood or other body fluids ◦ Vaccines are available for hepatitis A and B ◦ Medications can help treat hepatitis C Tuberculosis Pneumonia Strep Throat ◦ A bacterial disease that usually affects the lungs ◦ Symptoms: cough, fatigue, night sweats, fever, and weight loss ◦ Tuberculosis can be treated with medications ◦ A serious inflammation of the lungs ◦ Symptoms: fever, cough, chills and nausea ◦ Can cause vomiting, chest pains and difficulty breathing ◦ Can be treated with antibiotics ◦ A sore throat caused by streptococcal bacteria ◦ Can be treated by antibiotics ◦ Symptoms: red and painful throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, headache, nausea and vomiting ◦ If left untreated could cause serious illness Communicable/Noncommuicable Diseases Lesson 4 Infections that are spread from person to person through sexual contact STDs are also called sexually transmitted infections CDC estimates that there are 19 million new sexually transmitted infections each year. CDC estimates that young people make up about one-fourth of the sexually active population in the United States But those same young people make up half of the new STDs reported each year. Bacteria STDs can be treated; Viral STDS cannot be treated STDS are very preventable ◦ Avoiding high risk activities like sexual activity or sharing drug needles What are sexually transmitted diseases? Chlamydia: a bacterial STD that may affect the reproductive organs, urethra and anus ◦ Can be passed from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth ◦ “Silent” disease—most infected people don’t show any symptoms ◦ Symptoms: genital discharge and pain when urinating ◦ Symptoms occur about 1-3 weeks after sexual contact with an infected person ◦ Untreated can cause infections in the body and infertility ◦ Pelvic inflammatory disease can develop from untreated Chlamydia Genital Herpes ◦ A viral STD that produces painful blisters on the genital area ◦ Transmitted by skin-to-skin contact ◦ Symptoms: painful sores and blisters; pain and burning in the lower genital region and genital discharge ◦ Even when blisters are not present, the disease can be passed on ◦ Medication can reduce the frequency of outbreaks Painful infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries Untreated PID can cause permanent damage to these structures ◦ Chlamydia can be treated with antibiotics Common STDs Genital Warts ◦ Growths or bumps in the genital area caused by certain types of the human papillomavirus (HPV) ◦ HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection ◦ About 6 million people become infected each year ◦ More than 40 types of HPV ◦ HPV can be passed through genital contact, sexual intercourse does not have to occur for this virus to be transmitted ◦ HPV is a “silent” disease. ◦ In 90% of cases, the immune system clears the body of the virus in about 2 years. ◦ In some cases, the body cannot clear the infection; then genital warts may appear. ◦ Warts may appear as a small bump or several bumps. ◦ The warts can be treated but there is no cure for HPV infection. ◦ Cervical cancer and cancers of other reproductive organs can also be caused by HPV. ◦ A vaccine has been developed for females 11-26 years old and males 9-26 to prevent HPV. Common STDs Trichomoniasis ◦ An STD caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis ◦ Very common and the most common curable STD ◦ Silent disease ◦ Symptoms: vaginal discharge and discomfort during urination, irritation or itching in the genital area ◦ Can be treated with antibiotics Public Lice ◦ Crabs, insects that infect a person’s genital area ◦ Symptoms: itching around genital and crawling insects visible to the naked eye ◦ Highly contagious ◦ Treated with medicated shampoo or prescription lotion Common STDs Gonorrhea ◦ Bacterial STD that affects the mucous membranes of the body, particularly in the genital area ◦ Symptoms: yellowish discharge from genitals, burning sensation during urination ◦ If not treated, gonorrhea can spread to other parts of the body, such as joints and heart. ◦ Treated and cured with antibiotics Syphilis ◦ Bacterial STD that can affect many parts of the body ◦ Symptoms: First stage—painless sores appear at the place of infection Second stage—sever body rash, fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, patchy hair loss, muscle aches and fatigue Later stages—damage the brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood, vessels, liver, bones and joints ◦ Can be treated and cured with antibiotics if diagnosed early Common STDs Only 100% effective way to prevent STDs is to abstain from sexual activity Abstain: (Abstinence) the conscious, active choice not to participate in high risk behavior, not participating in any form of sexual activity Avoid being alone on a date Avoid pressures of sexual activity Communicate limits to your date before you go out Preventing STDs HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus, the virus that causes AIDS ◦ Attacks lymphocytes called T cells ◦ As more T cells are taken over, the immune system weakens. ◦ Drug therapy can help delay the onset of AIDS. ◦ Scientist are working on medical treatment for HIV and AIDS AIDS: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, disease that interferes with the body’s ability to fight infection ◦ Continues to weaken the immune system Opportunistic infection: disease that attacks a person with a weakened immune system and rarely occurs in a healthy person What are HIV and AIDS? How HIV spreads? ◦ Having any form of sexual contact with an infected person ◦ Using a contaminated needle ◦ Pregnant female with HIV to her developing baby How HIV is NOT spread ◦ Being bitten by a mosquito ◦ Touching the tears or sweat of an infected person ◦ Shaking hands with or hugging someone with HIV ◦ Swimming with an infected person ◦ Sharing utensils with an infected person ◦ Donating blood ◦ Using the same shower or toilet as an infected person ◦ Sharing sports equipment with an infected person 34 million people world-wide were infected with HIV Same year 1.8 million people died from AIDS According to the CDC, 12 million people in the United States are infected with HIV. 13-29 years old account for 39% of the new HIV infections in recent years. CDC believes 20% of the people with HIV don’t know they have it. Detecting HIV Treating HIV and AIDS Stopping the Spread of HIV ◦ Carrier: a person who appears healthy but is infected with HIV and can pass it to others ◦ A blood test is the only way to know if you are positive for HIV. ◦ There is no cure for HIV/AIDS. ◦ Scientists are improving medical treatments for people with HIV/AIDS. ◦ Medications are very expensive and have serious side effects. ◦ Practice abstinence Avoid sexual activity ◦ Avoid drugs and alcohol ◦ Avoid sharing needles Fighting AIDS Communicable/Noncommunicable Diseases Lesson 5 Cancer: a disease that occurs when abnormal cells multiply out of control. Cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death in the United States. How does cancer develop? ◦ The human body has over 100 trillion cells. ◦ Some cells become abnormal and begin to divide. ◦ Abnormal cells grow in a clump called a tumor Tumor: a group of abnormal cells that forms a mass Tumors are either benign or malignant. Benign: not cancerous Malignant: cancerous ◦ Malignant tumors can multiply out of control and spread to other parts of the body. What is Cancer? Skin cancer—the most common kind of cancer Breast cancer—most often occurs in females over 50 Reproductive organ cancer—can occur in testicles and prostate glands in males and ovaries, cervix and uterus in females Types of Cancer Lung cancer—leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States, smoking is the biggest risk factor Colon and rectal cancer—develop in the digestive tract Leukemia—cancer of the white blood cells Lymphoma—cancer that starts in the lymphatic system Risk factors: characteristics or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing a medical disorder or disease ◦ Inherited traits, age, lifestyle choices and environmental factors Carcinogens: a substance that can cause cancer ◦ Tobacco products, ultraviolet light, etc. Causes and Risk Factors Talk to a health care professional Biopsy: the removal of a tissue sample from a person for examination Early detection will increase the chance of a successful treatment Signs and Symptoms Skin cancer signs and symptoms ◦ Change in bowel or bladder habits ◦ A sore that does not heal ◦ Unusual bleeding ◦ Thickening or lump in a breast or elsewhere ◦ Indigestion or difficulty swallowing ◦ Obvious change in a wart or mole ◦ Nagging cough or hoarseness ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Diagnosing Cancer Asymmetry Border Irregularity Color Diameter Surgery—removing cancer cells from the body Radiation therapy—a treatment that uses X-rays or forms of radiation to kill cancer cells ◦ Treatment for breast, lung and colon ◦ Surgery is most effective when cancer is isolated in one part of the body ◦ It can kills cells that may remain after surgery Chemotherapy—the use of powerful medicines to destroy cancer cells Side effects of radiation therapy and chemotherapy: ◦ Nausea, fatigue and temporary hair loss Remission: a period during which cancer signs and symptoms disappear Recurrence: the return of cancer after a remission Treating Cancer Avoid tobacco and alcohol Eat well and exercise Limit sun exposure Perform self-examinations Know the warning signs Reducing the Risk of Cancer
