Download Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes & Ketones
Aldehydes & Ketones
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
Carbonyl Compounds C = O
They are organic compounds containing a carbonyl
group they are divided into:
Aldehydes

General formula CnH2n+1 CHO
Ketones

CnH2n+2CO, R – CO – R
R= R we have simple or symmetrical ketones

R ≠ R we have unsymmetrical ketones
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Aldehydes & Ketones
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1.
Preparation:
Oxidation of primary alc. gives aldehydes while
secondary alcohols give ketones.
Aldehydes & Ketones

Preparation:
Aldehydes & Ketones
Preparation:
2. Dry distillation of salts of acids: Calcium salts are
generally used in this reaction.
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Aldehydes & Ketones
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-
Preparation:
A mixture of calcium acetate and formate gives
acetaldehyde.
Aldehydes & Ketones

-
Preparation:
While calcium acetate alone gives actone.
Aldehydes & Ketones
Preparation:
3. By the hydrolysis of alkylidene halides.
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Aldehydes & Ketones
Preparation:
4. By ozonolysis of olefins:

Aldehydes & Ketones
Preparation:
5. When acetylene is passed into hot dilute sulphuric acid
in presence of mercuric sulphate.
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Aldehydes & Ketones
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Chemical Reaction:

Most of the reactions of aldehydes and ketones are
the reactions of the carbonyl group C = O.

The activity of this group arises from the
displacement of electrons towards the more
electronegative oxygen atom which imparts a
positive charge on the carbon atom as
follows:
Aldehydes & Ketones

Chemical Reaction:

It was found that the reactivity of the carbonyl group
depends on the nature of the alkyl groups attached to
it.
the smaller the group, the more reactive is the
carbonyl group. Thus, the order of reactivity is:

Aldehydes & Ketones
Chemical Reaction:
A- Addition Reactions:
1.
With sodium bisulphate
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Aldehydes & Ketones
Chemical Reaction:
A- Addition Reactions:
2. With hydrogen cyanide

Aldehydes & Ketones
Chemical Reaction:
A- Addition Reactions:
3. Action of NH3:

Aldehydes & Ketones
Chemical Reaction:
A- Addition Reactions:
3. Action of NH3:
 Formaldehyde is an exception, it gives a complex
compounds known as amino form or Urotropine or hexa
methylene tetra amine.

Aldehydes & Ketones
Chemical Reaction:
A- Addition Reactions:
3. Action of NH3:
 The structure of hexamthylene
tetra amine appears to be a
complicated ring compound.
 It is solid used in medicine for
treatment of Gout and
Rheumatism.

Aldehydes & Ketones

Chemical Reaction:
B- Condensation Reaction:

1.
Is the reaction of two or more molecules identical or
different together with the elimination of water
molecule.
With hydroxyl amine:
Aldehydes & Ketones

Chemical Reaction:
B- Condensation Reaction:
2. With hydrazines:
Aldehydes & Ketones

Chemical Reaction:
B- Condensation Reaction:
3. Aldol condensation:
Aldehydes & Ketones

Chemical Reaction:
B- Condensation Reaction:
3. Aldol condensation:
Aldehydes & Ketones

Chemical Reaction:
C- Substitution Reaction:
Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)
Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)


The functional group in this series is the
carboxylic group – COOH which result from
the combination of a carbonyl and hydroxyl
group.
The carboxylic group is univalent so it is a
terminal group.
Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)

Acids are classified into mono, di-, and polycarboxylic acids, according to whether they
contain one, two, or more carboxylic groups
in the molecule.
Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)
1.

Mono carboxylic acids:
These contain one carboxylic group they
are mono basic, there general formula
CnH2n+1.COOH
Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)
Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)
2. Diarboxylic acids:
Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)
3. Hydroxy acids:
Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)
4. Polycarboxylic acids:
Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)
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-
Preparation:
Formic acid HCOOH
By the hydrolysis of chloroform
Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)

Preparation:
-
Acetic acid CH3COOH
1. Oxidation of ethyl
alcohol:
Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)

Preparation:
-
Acetic acid CH3COOH
2. From methane:
Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)
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-
Preparation:
Oxalic acid:
Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)

It is produced in the commercial scale by heating carbon
monoxide & sodium hydroxide at moderate temp. &
pressure
Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)
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Succinic acid:
Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)
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Chemical reactions:
1.
With strong electropositive metals, with the libration of
hydrogen and formation of salts.
Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)
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Chemical reactions:
2. Dehydration:
Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)
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Chemical reactions:
3. Halogenation:
Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)
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Chemical reactions:
-
In case of chlorine or bromine in presence of small
amount of red phosphorous, it gives alphahalogenated
acids.
Carboxylic Acids (Fatty acids)

Chemical reactions:
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