Download Axial skeleton

Axial skeleton
by Ivo Klepáček
Vertebrae, ribs, sternum,
axial
skeleton
thorax, columna vertebral
column, pelvis
Varieties, malformations
skeleton axiale – cranium,
ossicula columna vertebralis,
costae, os sacrum
skeleton appendiculare –
cingulum membri superioris,
scapula; cingulum membri
inferioris, coxa
axial skeleton
Ossa membri superioris – humerus,
ulna, radius, carpalia, metacarpalia,
phalanges
Ossa membri inferioris – femur,
patella, fibula, tibia, tarsalia,
metatarsalia, phalanges
C1-7
vertebrae cervicales
Th 1-12
vertebrae thoracicae
axial skeleton
L1-5
vertebrae lumbales
S1-5
vertebrae sacrales os
sacrum
Co1-5 Os coccygis
Části obratle
Vertebral parts
axial skeleton
Development of vertebral
column
Mesenchymal cells from
the sclerotome (somite
part) are cummulated in
the cervical, thoracic, lumbar
axial skeleton
sacral and coccygeal levels
Each sclerotome
participates on creation
of the two vertebrae
Sclerotomes surround
notochord and relate to
neural tube
axial skeleton
Mesodermal cells are organized in paraaxial mesodermal groups
(somites), in their dorsolateral part dermomyotome and ventromedial part -
sclerotome
axial skeleton
PAX 1
SHH
axial skeleton
Thoracic vertebra Th
axial skeleton
5/ articular facet
Cartilaginous stage of vertebral
development
Primary ossification centres: prenatal month 3
One in the centrum
 One in each half of the vertebral arch

axial skeleton
1. year – halves fuse
3.-6. year – arches
and bodies fuse
Secondary ossification centres:
year 14
• One for the tip of the spinous process
• One for the tip of the transverse processess
• Two annular (circling) epiphyses
axial skeleton
Ossification finishes about year 18-25
Th
axial skeleton
Aortic
impression
C4
axial skeleton
Obecný vzhled krčního obratle
General feature of the cervical vertebra
Ossification starts
from anterior arch
yr 1
axial skeleton
C1
Ossification begins from anterior arch (1 year)
axial skeleton
C1
Ossification begins from anterior arch (1 year)
axial skeleton
1 Vertebral artery
2 C1 nerve
3 anterior branch C1 nerve
4 posterior branch C1 nerve
5 plexus venae vertebralis
C1 + C2
axial skeleton
Axis has other primary
ossifying centers in
dens and apex of dens
axial skeleton
One centrum inside anterior
arch – year 1
Two centers inside posterior
arch and other centers inside
massae laterales
Typical feature
of the C4 vertebra
and
vertebra C6
(massive carotic
tubercle
(tuberculum
caroticum)
and
C7 - vertebra
prominens
axial skeleton
C7 has two
ossifying
centers
inside procc.
transversarii
(year 7)
(huge and palpable
spinous process
(processus spinosus))
axial skeleton
C4
C7
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
L
axial skeleton
Os sacrum
axial skeleton
Promontorium
Promontory
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
Ossification, homologous signs
and varieties of the vertebrae
axial skeleton
Some vertebral
parts exhibit
similar origin
Cervical
and lumbar
ribs
become part
of the
transverse
processess
axial skeleton
Remnants of
notochord persists
as chordoma
Sacralisation
Lumbalisation
Spondylosthesis
Hemivertebra
Srůst obratlů
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
Spina bifida
Vertebrae (Vertebras)
Cervical 1-7 Thoracic
1-12 Lumbar 1-5
Sacral 5 Coccyx
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
Hyperextensio colli  arcus fracturae colli posterioris
axial skeleton
Hyperextensio colli  Fractura et dislocatio corpuis
vertebrae et discus intervetebralis
axial skeleton
Hyperflexio colli  Fractura colli disci intervertebralis
Canalis
vertebralis
axial skeleton
Vertebral
canal
Connection in the
vertebral column
Synchondrosis intervertebral discs,
syndesmosis ligaments, synostosis sacral bone
aand coccyx, diarthroses intervertebral joints
axial skeleton
• Intervertebral discs (fibrocartilagines)
•Articulationes zygapophysiales (intervertebral joints)
• Ligamenta flava (interarcual), interspinous,
intertransverse ligaments
• Longitudinal ligaments (anterior and posterior)
a their derivatives (sacrococcygeal ligg.)
Discus
intervertebralis
1/4 až 1/5 of full length of
the vertebral column
axial skeleton
thicker in lumbar region
serves as elastic bumper
dry in the elderly age
axial skeleton
Herniation into
vertebral canal –
usually in lumbar or
lower cervical
region
axial skeleton
Herniation into
vertebral body
- Schmorle´s
node
axial skeleton
“articulationes uncovertebrales“
Long and short
ligaments
axial skeleton
Long and
short
ligaments
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
Klouby páteřní
articulationes intervertebrales
axial skeleton
Volné pouzdro, možnost uskřinutí řas
(meniskoidy)
Craniovertebral
connections
Atlantooccipital joint
(Articulatio atlantooccipitalis)
axial skeleton
Atlantoaxial lateral and mediana joint
(Articulatio atlantoaxialis lateralis et
mediana)
Articulatio
atlantoaxialis
mediana
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
Ligamentum
cruciforme
Ligamentum
apicale et alar
ligaments
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
Articulatio
atlantoaxialis
lateralis
et
atlantooccipitalis
axial skeleton
Vertebral column
movements
It is a count of all intrervertebral joints
movements
axial skeleton
• direction of the movement depends on orientation and
arrangements of the articular facet
• Motions:
•Anteflexion and retroflexion
•Lateroflexion
•Rotation and torsion
•Spring-like movements
Flexion,
extension,
Lateral, flexion,
hyperextension,
Rotation,
torsion
It is a count of all intrervertebral
joints
movements
axial skeleton
• direction of the movement depends on orientation and
arrangements of the articular facet
Motions:
•Anteflexion and retroflexion
•Lateroflexion
•Rotation and torsion
•Spring-like movements
Movements
axial skeleton
Flexion, extension (retroflexion)
mostly in the neck and lumbar parts; in the thoracic region is
eventual movement blocked by ribs
Lateroflexion neck and lumbar parts
Rotation (demirotation, torsion)
krční úsek, méně hrudní
Spring-like movements
thoracic and lumbar parts
Gyratory movements
(flexion, extension and
lateroflexion – neck and lumbar part)
The range of movements is limited by:
thickness, elasticity and compressibility of the
IV disc;
shape and orientation of the zygapophysial
joints
tension of articular capsules of above joints
resistance of the back muscles and ligaments
(flava ligg., longitudinal posterior lig.)
axial skeleton
Vertebral column
curvatures
In sagittal and coronal planes
Juvenilis et adultus
axial
skeleton
Fetus
Lordosis – ventrally curved Kyfosis - dorsally curved
Dorsal convexity (kyphosis fetalis)
anomalies:
Flat back curved back hunchback
Scoliosis
Physiologic and idiopatic scoliosis
Neck lordosis appears
first; after that lumbar
lordosis (during time
of first steps)
axial skeleton
fully developed
lordoses appear about
year 5 – 6
– it is a proove of the
fully developed neck
and postural back
muscles
Vertebral column curvatures
Concave and convex
curves in median
plane
axial skeleton
Kyphosis
Lordosis (C4-5; L3-4)
Pathologic curvatures
 Scoliosis
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
hyperkyphosis
hyperlordosis
Záda prohnutá
(velmi vyvinuté svaly)
Záda plochá
(chabé svaly)
Bočitost
(Scoliosis)
Costa
Žebro
Rib
axial skeleton
Costae verae
C1- 5
Costae spuriae
C6- 8
axial skeleton
Costae fluctuantes
C11- 12
Rib, costa (lat.) :
true, false, floating
axial skeleton
Formation of the ossifying centers:
Red – order of the center appearance
Black – fetal month or year, when they are
appeared
Development of
the sternum
BMP 2, BMP 4, BMP 7
transmitting factors are
responsible for the bone
morphogenesis
axial skeleton
Sternal bars
axial skeleton
Connections in thorax
Sternoclavicular joint
Costovertebral joints
axial
skeleton
• artt. costotransversaria (
• art. capitis costae (joints of the head of ribs)
costotransverse
joints)
• artt. sternocostales sternocostal joints
Costochondral joints and
interchondral joints
axial skeleton
Articulatio sternoclavicularis
sternoclavicular joint
axial skeleton
Připojení žeber
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
articulationes
costochondrales
et
interchondrales
axial skeleton
Costochondral
and
interchondral connections
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
“articulationes uncovertebrales“
Thorax as a whole
Forms and changes during
life
axial skeleton
• Vat (inspiration-like)
•Asthenic (expiration-like) also
described as a fthisic (TBC)
thorax
newborn
axial skeleton
Thoracic
(pulmonary)
grooves
adultus
axial skeleton
Inspiration
Expiration
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
Costa prima C1
Sulcus a. subclaviae
Sulcus v. subclaviae
Tubercula mm. scaleni anterioris et medii
Development of the ribs
Mesenchymal cells
from the sclerotome
are cummulated in
the three main
areas:
axial skeleton
 True
ribs
 False ribs
 Floating ribs
axial skeleton
Pelvis
pelvis major
false (greater)
pelvis
axial skeleton
pelvis minor
true pelvis
Osifikace os coxae
axial skeleton
Hip bone
ossification
Shenton line
axial skeleton
Köhler
“teardrop”
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
Rozdíly mezi tvarem mužské a ženské pánve
Male and female pelvis - differences in external form
axial skeleton
male
female
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
axial skeleton
Tepny
Arteries
axial skeleton
Žíly
Veins
axial skeleton
Connections in the
pelvis
Iliosacral left and right joints
axial skeleton
Sacroiliac long ligaments (ventral,
interosseous, dorsal)
Iliolumbal ligaments
Symphysis
axial skeleton
Symphysiss
pubica
axial
skeleton
pubic
symphysis
KONEC
axial skeleton
END