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Download Religion - Damonte Ranch AP Human Geography
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RELIGION WHY STUDY RELIGION Geographers study religion because it is an essential part of how people live and interact with each other and their environment RELIGION CLASSIFICATION Religion (Ex. Christianity) Branch (Ex. Protestant) Branch – A large and fundamental division within a religion. Denomination (Ex. Baptist) Religion – Defined by geographers Robert Stoddard and Carolyn Prorak in the book Geography in America as “a system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities.” Denomination – A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single legal and administrative body. Sect Sect – A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination. UNIVERSALIZING Universalizing religion – A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location. 58% of the world Main Universalizing Christianity Islam Buddhism ETHNIC Ethnic religion – A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated. 26% of the world Main Ethnic Hinduism Judaism Confucianism Daoism (Taoism) Shintoism Animism (Traditional African Religions) UNIVERSALIZING VS. ETHNIC RELIGIONS SACRED SITES Serve as a geographic intersection between the divine and the mortal Preserve the space Pilgrimages Tension/conflict Universalizing Cities & places associated with founder’s life Ethnic Distinctive physical environment of its hearth UNIVERSALIZING Buddhism Christianity Buddha’s birthplace in S. Nepal 7 other holy sites associated with important events in Buddha’s life Jerusalem Bethlehem Islam Muhammad’s birthplace (Makkah/Mecca) Tomb (Madinah/Medina) SACRED SITES ETHNIC Hinduism Ganges River, Mt. Kailās, Benares in India Judaism Jerusalem Western Wall HOLY DAYS Universalizing Commemorate events in the founder’s life Islam: Lunar calendar, Ramadan (holy month) varies, commemorates the Archangel Jibril (Gabriel) first visiting Muhammad Christianity: Christmas: birth of Jesus, Easter: resurrection of Jesus Buddhists: holy days on Buddha’s birth, Enlightenment & death Ethnic Celebration of the seasons Judaism: Rosh Hashanah & Yom Kippur in autumn (planting), Passover (Pesach) in spring (harvest) METHODS OF DIFFUSION Universalizing Religions Relocation Christian diffusion missionaries Contagious Muslims Diffusion marrying non-Arabs Hierarchical Emperor Diffusion Asoka converting to Buddhism Ethnic Religions Most lack diffusion Judaism is an exception DIFFUSION OF UNIVERSALIZING RELIGIONS BURIAL PRACTICES Religious practices promote the development of places or activities to treat or preserve the dead Impose conformity on the landscape of a region Affect local land use (land allocated to burial practices) Make the landscape distinctive compared to other religious areas UNIVERSALIZING Buddhism Cremation Christianity ETHNIC Park-like Cemeteries Catacombs Exposure Burial at sea Other practices BURIAL PRACTICES Park-like Cemeteries Animism Park-like Cemeteries Cremation Judaism Islam Hinduism Burial mounds RELIGIONS AFFECTING THE ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCING RELIGION Holy Places Especially in Ethnic religions Cosmogony Architecture Function affects landscape RELIGION & THE ENVIRONMENT ARCHITECTURE Special buildings used for worship/mediation/spiritual function Represents a religious history Christian churches: place to gather and worship, representation of God Restricts/encourages the use of land Muslim mosques: place for the community to gather, worship = center of town Asian universalizing & ethnic more likely to house shrines to particular gods Attracts tourists MUSLIM MOSQUE (MEDINA) BUDDHIST PAGODA (CHINA) HINDU TEMPLE (INDIA) JEWISH SYNAGOGUE (BUDAPEST) JEWISH SYNAGOGUE (BERLIN) ROMAN CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL (IRELAND) ORTHODOX CHURCH (RUSSIA) HEARTHS 3 Major Hearths Middle East Hearth Judaism, Christianity, Islam Northern India Hearth Hinduism, Buddhism East Asia Hearth Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism MAJOR UNIVERSALIZING RELIGIONS Buddhism Christianity Islam BUDDHISM Origins Siddhartha Gautama, 563 BCE, son of a lord Age 29, left his sheltered life & for 6 years meditated in a forest in India Emerged Buddha “enlightened one” Spent 45 years preaching across India BUDDHIST HOLY SITES BUDDHISM Major Branches Theravada = “the way of the elders” Believe they are closer to Buddha’s original ways Must renounce possessions & become a monk Cite Buddha’s wisdom & stress meditation Mahayana = “the bigger raft” Less demanding, all encompassing Can help more people Cite Buddha’s compassion & stress helping others Tantrayana Smallest branch FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS 1. The truth of suffering (Dukkha) 1. 2. All living beings must endure suffering The truth of the origin of suffering (Sumudaya) 1. Three fires (origins of suffering): 1. 2. 3. 3. The truth of the cessation of suffering (Nirodha) 1. 4. Greed & desire Ignorance & delusion Hatred & destructive urges Escape from suffering & reincarnation by achieving Nirvana (reaching enlightenment) The truth of the path to the cessation of suffering (Magga) 1. Way to achieve Nirvana = Eightfold Path 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Right Understanding Right Intention Right Speech Right Action Right Livelihood Right Effort Right Mindfulness Right Concentration BUDDHISM Current Distribution = 400 million followers Mahayanist = 56% Theravadists = 38% Tantrayanists = 6% Locations M = China, Japan & Korea Th = Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka & Thailand Ta = Tibet & Mongolia HEARTH & DIFFUSION OF BUDDHISM CHRISTIANITY Origin Founded on teachings of Jesus Born in Bethlehem between 8 & 4 BCE Died in Jerusalem in 30 CE Christians believe the Jesus died for human sins and was resurrected by God CHRISTIANITY Major Branches Roman Catholic: teachings of Bible & Church Hierarchy (Pope) Seven sacraments Orthodoxy Split with Roman Catholicism beginning in the 5 c., finalized in 1054 Agree with RC on Sacraments, not on doctrines added after 8th c. Protestantism Reformation in 16th c. Martin Luther Personal salvation through faith rather than sacraments SEVEN SACRAMENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Baptism Confirmation: confirm faith Penance (reconciliation): reconciling with God Anointing the sick (Last Rites): recovery of health & spiritual strength Matrimony Holy Orders: lead others by bringing them sacraments Eucharist: representative of Last Supper, becomes the body & blood of Jesus CHRISTIANITY Current Distribution = 2 billion followers 51% R.C. 24% Protestant 11% Orthodox 14% other Christian churches Locations R.C.: S & W Europe, Latin America Protestant: N. America, N. Europe, Oceania Orthodox: E. Europe HEARTH & DIFFUSION OF CHRISTIANITY DISTRIBUTION OF CHRISTIANITY IN U.S. RELIGIOUS ADHERENTS DISTRIBUTION South/Southeast Midwest/Great Plains/Rust Belt/Corn Belt Lutheran West (Utah, Idaho, Nevada) Methodist Northern Border States Baptist Mormon or Latter-Day Saints (LDS) Everywhere else Catholic FACTORS FOR BAPTIST DISTRIBUTION Indigenous religion Origins in small towns & rural areas Based on Calvinism brought from Europe Appealed to African-Americans excluded by other protestant denominations Lack of in-migration Agricultural migrants region did not attract a lot of European FACTORS FOR LUTHERAN DISTRIBUTION Original migration from N & W Europe Germans & Scandinavians Chain migration as area began to thrive Lack of in-migration Lacked pull factor of big cities FACTORS FOR LDS DISTRIBUTION Original migration Began in Eastern U.S. & migrated to Utah Later migrations Migrated to farm new areas of the West Lack of in-migration Lacked pull factor of big cities ISLAM Origin Muhammad was born in 570 in Mecca At 40, he received his first message from Allah through the Archangel Gabriel Quran is a record of God’s words as relayed to Muhammad from the angel Gabriel In 622, after much persecution Muhammad was commanded to move to Yathrib (renamed Medina or “the City of the Prophet”) ISLAM Major Branches Sunni (“People of the tradition of Muhammad and the consensus”) After Muhammad, came Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman & Ali who were leaders or “caliphs” (successor of the prophet) Sunnis recognize all four as legitimate religious leaders Shi’ites (Shia) (“Followers of Ali”) Shi’ites believe the only Ali (who was Muhammad’s sonin-law) is the only legitimate caliph as he was Muhammad’s closest male heir FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM 1. Shahadah 1. 2. 2. Salat 1. 3. Charity to help the needy, act of purification & growth Sawm 1. 5. Prayer, 5 times daily, facing the city of Mecca Zakat 1. 4. Profession of faith, “There is no god worthy of worship except the one God, the source of all creation, and Muhammad is the messenger of God.” Interpretations vary, “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is His messenger” Fast during the month of Ramadan, self-purification Hajj 1. Pilgrimage to Mecca (if physically and financially able) ISLAM Current Distribution – 1.3 Billion people Sunni = 83% Shi’ites = 16% Locations Middle East North Africa to Central Asia Outside the Middle East = 50% of Muslims Indonesia Pakistan Bangladesh India “MUSLIM” ≠ “ARAB” Arab = ethnicity Muslim = follower of Islam 90% of all Arabs are Muslims But 80% of all Muslims are not Arabs HEARTH & DIFFUSION OF ISLAM HINDUISM Origin 2500-1500 BCE, no single founder Mingling of Aryan & Dravidian beliefs Holy Sites Ganges & Mt. Kailās (Siva) Practices Up to the individual to determine the best path to God Knowledge Renunciation Devotion Action Branches Vaishnavism (Vishnu) = est. 70% Sivaism (Siva) = 26% Autonomous religion Syncretism – The blending of traits from two different cultures to form a new trait. Autonomous religion – A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally. Distribution 97% clustered in India JUDAISM Origin Holy Sites Abraham moved to Canaan Monotheistic, differed from polytheistic groups surrounding Land in Eastern Mediterranean Canaan (Bible), Palestine (Romans), Israel Distribution = 13-15 million 1/3 in U.S. 1/3 in Israel 1/3 elsewhere Diaspora Forced from Eastern Mediterranean by Romans during 70 CE Zionism Set up the state of Israel RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS Religion vs. Politics Religion vs. Religion Interfaith Intrafaith RELIGION VS. POLITICS Taliban “Religious Students” vs. Western Values Opposed leisure activities, instituted fundamentalist policies (as they interpreted them) Religion vs. Communism Communists removed religious institutions from government in 1917. Limited the role of Orthodox Christianity in Russia Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, there was a religious revival Including Christianity in the Eastern Europe & Islam in Central Asia RELIGION VS. RELIGION Interfaith Conflict Conflicts BETWEEN two religions Middle East Muslims, Jews & Christians battling for sacred land in the Eastern Mediterranean Crusades: Christians vs. Muslims Palestine: Muslims vs. Jews RELIGION VS. RELIGION Intrafaith Conflicts Conflicts WITHIN a religion Ireland Ireland = 87% Roman Catholic N. Ireland = Part of U.K. & 46% Protestant Discrimination against Catholics in N. Ireland Irish Republican Army (IRA): goal of achieving Irish national unity by whatever means necessary Islam Sunni vs. Shia (Shiite) NON-RELIGIOUS About 1 Billion people are considered “non-religious” Atheists Agnostic Do not believe in any god(s) God(s) may exist, but it is uncertain Secular “Not related to religion;” belief system Secularism – The idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on Earth, not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife. A secular state is the opposite of a theocracy.
