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All living organisms are made of cells
Two main types of cells
Prokaryotic
Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryotic
Us, plants, protists, fungi
Prok & Euk (Fig. 1.5)
Some obvious differences
Size
“complexity”
Eukaryotic cells have internal compartments
Organelles
Each with specific function
Prok & Euk (Fig. 1.5)
Prok and Euk (fig. 4.7)
Some common features of ALL cells
1. Surrounded by a cell (plasma) membrane
boundary
2. DNA
“floating” in proks
In nucleus in euks
3. Ribosomes
Sites of protein synthesis
Prok (Figure 4.4)
Euk (animal) (Figure 4.7)
Euk (plant) (Figure 4.7)
Note its study cell wall that surrounds the cell membrane
What is the cell wall of plants made of?
Euk (animal and plant) (Figure 4.7)
Note that animal cells do not have a cell wall surrounding their cell
membrane
Cytoskeleton of Euk Cells
Dynamic network of protein fibers
Assemble/disassemble
Grow/ shrink
Many functions
Cell motility (e.g. crawling)
Support
Chromosome movement during cell division
Tracks to move “cargo”
Cytoplasm is full of cytoskeletal elements (Figure 4.20)
Red/orange: Actin microfilaments
Green: Microtubules
Intermediate filaments not shown
Microtubule tracks (4.21)
Motor proteins haul cargo along tracks
Microtubules (Table 4.1)
Hollow tube
Made of tubulin
Grow with addition of tubulin dimers
Review functions in Table 4.1
Actin microfilaments (4.24)
Here providing structure/support to microvilli
Projections from intestinal cells
Increase area to absorb nutrients
Actin Microfilaments (Table 4.1)
Microfilaments made of intertwined strands
Each strand made of actin
Review Functions in Table 4.1