Download android as operating system - Academic Science,International

ANDROID AS OPERATING SYSTEM
KANIKA SURI
Department of computer science
Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology for Women
[email protected]
Under Guidance of: Ms.Priyanka Mehta
ABSTRACT
This research paper gives the basic information, history, architecture of android as an operating system
.This paper attempts to put focus on the impact of android as an emerging technology and its potential
benefits. The paper covers the Ethical and legal issues of android and its impact on society.
KEYWORDS
Embedded, Alliance, overhauled, hypervisor, Alzheimer’s disease
I.INTRODUCTION
Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key
applications. Android's mobile operating system is based on a modified version of the Linux kernel.
Another aspect that is important to consider when using Android is its own Virtual Machine (VM)
environment. Android applications are Java-based and this factor entails the use of a VM environment
By providing an open development platform, Android offers developers the ability to build extremely
rich and innovative applications. The application architecture is designed to simplify the reuse of
components; any application can publish its capabilities and any other application may then make use
of those capabilities (subject to security constraints enforced by the framework). Android technology is
a type of OSS (open source software), which is a type of software readily available with a source code
that isn’t held exclusive by copyright laws.
II.HISTORY
Android was founded in Palo Alto, California by Andy Rubin (co-founder of Danger), Rich Miner(cofounder of Wildfire Communications), Nick Sears (once VP at T-Mobile), and Chris White (headed
design and interface development at WebTV) in October,2003. In Rubin's words "smarter mobile
devices that are more aware of its owner's location and preferences”. Android acquired by Google.
Google acquired Android in August, 2005.
Android is a Linux-based operating system (OS) for mobile devices such as smart phones and tablet
computers led by Google it is developed by Open Handset Alliance. Google purchased the developer of
Android in 2005, and Android was unveiled in 2007. Google released the Android code as open-source
under the Apache License. Android has numerous developers writing applications (apps) all over the
world. In February 2012, 450,000 apps were available for Android but the estimated number of
downloads since December, 2011 was more than 10 billion.
III.VERSIONS OF ANDROID
The version history of the Android mobile operating system began with the release of the
Android beta in November 2007. The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released in
September 2008. Android is under ongoing development by Google and the Open Handset
Alliance (OHA).There has been number of updates to its base operating system after its initial release.
Since April 2009, Android versions have been developed in an alphabetical order:
Cupcake(1.5),Donut(1.6),Éclair(2.0–2.1),Froyo (2.2–2.2.3), Gingerbread(2.3–2.3.7), Honeycomb (3.0–
3.2.6), Ice Cream Sandwich(4.0–4.0.4), Jelly Bean(4.1–4.3), and KitKat(4.4). On 3 September 2013,
Google announced that 1 billion activated devices now use the Android OS worldwide. The most
recent major Android update was KitKat4.4, which was released to commercial devices on 22
November 2013.
IV.ANDROID OS ARCHITECTURE
Android can be subdivided into four main layers: the kernel, libraries, applications framework, and
applications. Embedded within the libraries layer is the Android runtime which contains the Dalvik
virtual machine, which powers the applications.
i. Native libraries layer
The native libraries layer provides Android with the capabilities for its core features. The core libraries
are written in Java and provide much of the core classes which would normally be available in a Java
virtual machine. is the Dalvik virtual machine which is a part of this layer. The Dalvik virtual machine
is a byte code interpreter which is highly optimized for executing on the mobile platform. The byte
codes are converted into java libraries.
ii. Applications framework layer
This layer is written completely in Java. The applications framework provides all of the major APIs
that the applications will use including things like sharing data, accessing the telephony system, and
receiving notifications.
iii. Applications layer
This layer contains software written by the Android team as well as any third-party software that is
installed on the device. Allowing third-party developers access to this layer is that the user interface
can be overhauled comparatively easily. Third party applications can handle any event. Android
becomes more robust, the user will be able to specify what applications should handle which events.
iv. An open business model.
Android is fronted by a coalition of 47 technology and mobile companies, the Open Handset Alliance.
Android presents a mutual interest between all these companies to create a mobile operating system
that is extremely viable and widespread so that it becomes easy to concentrate a business model around
some sort of standard.
V. Android as an open business model
Android is formed after the coalition of 47 different technologies. It is a open handset alliance. As
Windows, Mac OSX, and Linux are the main operating systems in the home computer and server
market. Android is a new operating system with the new features of being robust, open source and free
to the users. Various developers are working in order to make the different applications for different set
of users. Android technology is a type of OSS (open source software), which is a type of software
readily available with a source code that isn’t held exclusive by copyright laws. Android is mainly
made for the computer applications, middleware and makes it possible that multiple applications run at
the same time.
VI. Impact of Android on society
Smartphone devices such as iPhone, Blackberry, and those that support the Android operating system
are progressively making an impact on society .The usage of cell phones has increased throughout the
21st Century. Cell phones are more common than ever. Many individuals have cell phones that they use
to talk, send messages, or take pictures to friends and families. Android phones have been more
appealing to the public gaining popularity and success to many consumers
The first Android that was sold to public was the T-Mobile G1 in October 2008 and the price of the
phone was $190 dollars. The T-Mobile G1 provided wonderful operating systems that integrated with
Google applications The Android phones have been in competition with Apple’s iPhone. However,
many new Android phones such as the HTC Evo and Samsung Galaxy have emerged to sync very well
with Google applications, have better improvement on their operating systems, and connection to 4G
networks.
VII. Potential Benefits
The Android phones can be beneficial in society to many workplaces such as businesses and
companies. Businesses use Android phones to communicate to their employees to get tasks done. Many
employees keep in touch with their organization to communicate any changes of price or customer
preferences. Another benefit of using this technology is that Android phones can help sustain a well
rounded working business environment. For example, the technology can be used to make video
conferencing and connectivity of 4G network easier. Both help the back and forth communication from
employee to employee. The input of data and numerous applications can provide individuals
satisfaction of their needs The Android phones have had important leaps from phones of less
sustainability of applications to more sustainability of applications. the software for the Android gives
grateful email experiences and the “Chrome Lite” browser on the phone is very efficient and excellent
to users. As new Android phones have been more enhanced, they have obtained new features on the
applications and operating systems. Many new Android phones have worked well with Google
Products such as Google Docs, Gmail, and wide accesses of applications. The applications for the
Android phones are very accessible to everyone. every individual who has obtained a smart phone will
be easily connected to the Internet .This is a great way to be still connected to the social media, and the
news. Android technology has improved mobile technology by forming the Open Handset Alliance, a
group of handset manufacturers, service providers, and chip producers whose goal is to form the
ecosystem for Android operating systems.
VIII. Ethical Issues
The ethical issues of Android phones have been attacked by many critics saying that individuals have
depended on the use of their Android phones way too much. This reduces the standards of
communicating to other people in the real world face-to-face because the phone, with its wide range of
communication, has shifted their focus to text messaging and talking handheld. Another ethical
dilemma of Android phones is the issue of privacy and hacking. For example, some attorneys have
stated that their Android phones have been hacked by losing precious information on their phones such
as information being out in the public, hackers obtaining bank account information, and wireless
communication sessions being hacked. The Android phones have had some security risks with the
technology.
IX. Legal Issues
Many individuals may think that there is no problem using their Android phones. However, many legal
issues have been stated that malicious applications and lack of security in the marketplace has hurt the
image of Android phones. There should be more intervention of the protection of Android phones. This
could potentially lose customers in the near future. There must be better improvements of Android
phones that can incorporate better applications without any malfunction and to keeping information
secured. If this carries on the Android phone’s image will be tarnished.
X. Possible Direction Making Android Real Time-System
The first approach considers the replacement of the Linux operating system by one that provides realtime features and, at the same time, it considers the inclusion of a real-time VM.
The second approach respects the Android standard architecture by proposing the extension of Dalvik
as well as the substitution of the standard operating system by a real-time Linux-based operating
system.
The third approach simply replaces the Linux operating system for a Linux real-time version and realtime applications use the kernel directly. Finally, the fourth approach proposes the addition of a realtime hypervisor that supports the parallel execution of the Android platform in one partition while the
other partition is dedicated to the real-time applications.
XI. Some new emerging areas
Medical application: physical sensor technology to provide a new type of application for
human/computer interaction, By that one can improve quality of life for people suffering from a variety
of medical conditions. Android applications developed to improve the quality of life for patients
suffering from chronic disease. Emerging smart phone devices with built-in accelerometers, GPS,
camera, microphone, and other sensors provide a fundamentally new opportunity for early detection of
Alzheimer’s disease. These devices which are becoming commonly used, can be readily programmed
to acquire necessary data with little additional cost; this makes much larger scale data acquisition
feasible. More importantly, data acquisition can be conducted on a daily basis, providing data at a
granularity to detect even subtle changes required for pre-clinical detection of Alzheimer’s disease.
XII. Conclusion
Android is the important and most flexible technology among the operating system. Android leads to
the multitasking property. By using the Dalvik garbage collector Android has good memory
management .Android has good networking support it can be used with Bluetooth,Wi-Fi,3g,4g.Android
has use of locks and timer to maintain low level of power consumption. Android provides the Software
Development Kit for the developers in order to make the different apps without any restrictions in
customization. Android has made it possible for the users to use apps at low cost smart phones.
Android provides a reliable data storage. It is the most exclusive advancement in the field of
technology and which is fastest growing day by day in advancement. We must use and appreciate this
new technology for our benefit.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This Research Paper would not have taken shape, without the guidance provided by Ms.Priyanka
Mehta, and our project coordinators Ms.Charu Gupta and Ms.Deepali Singhal who helped in
resolving all the technical as well as other problems related to the Research Paper and for always
providing us with a helping hand whenever we faced any bottlenecks, in spite of being quite busy with
her hectic schedules.
Above all we wish to express our heartfelt gratitude to HOD Ms.Kadamri Agrawal, whose support has
greatly boosted our self-confidence and will go a long way on helping us to reach further milestones
and greater heights.
References
[1] PM Kilgo, 2009, students.mint.ua.edu, Android OS: A robust, free, open-source operating system for mobile devices.
[2] A Kushwaha, International Journal, 1963, ijaet.org, Location Based Services using Android Mobile Operating System.
[3]Junyao Zhang, April 12, 2010, Android vs. iPhone.
[4] "About the Android Open Source Project" (http:/ / source. android. com/ about/ index. html).Retrieved 2012-02-20.
[5] Study of Android-Based Multi-Projector Mobile System A Zorian, 2012, cecs.uci.edu.
[6] A Hybrid System for Multimedia Conferencing on Android Technology N Raul, M Churi, S Desai ,International Journal of ,
2012 ,research.ijcaonline.org