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DNA Structure, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis Review 1. A nucleotide is made of three parts: a PHOSPHATE group, a five carbon SUGAR, and a nitrogen containing BASE 2. In a single strand of DNA, the phosphate group binds to the SUGAR of the next group. 3. In a DNA molecule, explain the concept of “antiparallel”. Directionality of the 3’ and 5’ ends. They are oppositely oriented in a DNA molecule. 4. Purines adenine and guanine, and pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine. 5. Write out the complete name for DNA: DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID 3’ RNA: Ribonucleic Acid On the diagram: Circle a nucleotide. Label the sugar and phosphate. Label the bases that are not already 5’ T labeled. A S C S P G 3’ 5’ 6. The two sides of the DNA helix are held together by HYDROGEN BONDS. 7. The purines are ADENINE and GUANINE; the pyrimdines are CYTOSINE and THYMINE. 8. The term used to describe how the two strands of DNA are oriented is ANTI-PARALLEL which means THE STRANDS ARE IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS. 9. In a strand of DNA, the percentage of thymine is 30 %. What is the percentage of cytosine? 20% Adenine? 30% Thymine? 30% OOPS! BY THE WAY GUANINE IS 20% 10. Fill in the blanks and number the steps of DNA replication in the correct order: ___4___ a) DNA POLYMERASE III adds DNA nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing chain ___6___ b) DNA LIGASE connects the short new DNA pieces called OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS ___3___ c) PRIMASE produces an RNA primer ___1___ d) DNA is unwound by DNA HELICASE ___5___ e) On the lagging strand, DNA POLYMERASE I removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA nucleotides. ___2___ f) Single strand binding proteins stabilize the DNA 11. The term used to describe the new strands of DNA are considered semi-conservative, meaning EACH OF THE RESULTING DNA MOELCULES HAS AN ORIGINAL STRAND AND A NEW STRAND. 12. The site on DNA where replication begins is called ORIGIN OF REPLICATION. 13. The opening in DNA where replication is occurring is called REPLICATION FORK. 14. The LEADING STRAND is replicated continuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction, while the LAGGING STRAND is replicate discontinuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction. 15. DNA polymerase I and III only travel in the 5’->3’ direction. 16. In DNA, adenine binds with THYMINE and guanine binds with CYTOSINE 17. In RNA, adenine binds with URACIL and guanine binds with CYTOSINE 18. Transcription takes place in the NUCLEUS; translation takes place in the RIBOSOMES. 19. The building blocks of nucleic acids are NUCLEOTIDES 20. A complementary copy of the gene is made when MESSENGER RNA is formed from RNA POLYMERASE, in a process called TRANSCRITPION 21 When this “string” of RNA leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore, it goes into the cytoplasm and binds to another structure called the ribosomes 22. The MESSENGER -RNA is “read” and a protein is assembled in a process called TRANSLATION. 23. The building blocks of proteins are AMINO ACIDS so another form of RNA is necessary to deliver those building blocks to the site of protein synthesis. This is TRANSFER RNA. 25. A group of 3 nitrogen bases is called a codon These code for amino acids. 26. The amino acids are connected by PEPTIDE BONDS. Given the mRNA sequence AUG CCA GCA GGU UGG, determine which type of amino acid would produce the following amino acid sequences: 27. methionine-proline-threonine-glycine-tryptophan AUG CCA ACA GGU UGG Point Mutation 28. methionine-proline-alanine-valine-glycine AUG CCA GCG GUU GGX Deletion - Framshift 29. methionine-glutamine-alanine-glycine-tryptophan AUG CAC GCA GGU UGG Inversion 30. methioinine-histidine-serine-arginine-leucine 31. Define the following terms: a. gene A Gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a certain trait (protein) b. chromatin DNA coiled around histones c. chromatid Coiled up Chromatin d. chromosome 2 Chromatids = 1 Chromosome 32. If a single amino acid weighs 20 mass units, what is the mass of the protein molecule synthesized from a mRNA molecule which is 60 nitrogen bases long? 3 nitrogen bases = 1 amino acid 20 mass units x 20 amino acids = 400