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Mine Restoration Using Municipal BioSolids
Mine Restoration Using Municipal BioSolids
Vegetation – “Hello” !
Mine Restoration Using Municipal BioSolids
Vegetation – “Hello” !
Or
Vegetation - Hell ?????
Mine Restoration Using Municipal BioSolids
Finding a way out?
Or
Getting in deep doo-doo?
Vegetative Community Analysis
of Biosolids Test Plots
After Five to Ten Years of Growth
Rick Black (ENVIRON International)
Richard K. Borden (Rio Tinto)
THEN
1863 - The hill that is to be the Bingham
Canyon Open Pit Copper Mine - Kennecott
Utah Copper
NOW
2012
The Bingham Canyon
Open Pit Copper Mine
Kennecott Utah Copper
“Development that meets the needs
of the present generation,
without undermining the capacity of
future generations to meet their needs.”
South Salt Lake Biosolids
• Inexpensive
• Delivered on site
• Dust cover
• Organic matter
• Moisture Retention
• High in nitrogen
Reclamation Test Plots established
in 1995 and in 2000
• Semi-Arid climate
– Annual Precipitation = 15-20 inches
• Elevation between 4400 and 6200 feet
Reclamation Test Plots established
in 1995 and in 2000
– Tailings
– Waste-rock dumps
– Gravel-pit surfaces
–
Lime Treatment
–
–
Top Soil Treatment
Bio-Solid App.s 0,10,15,20,30 tons/ac
Methodology
Test Plot Selection
– Detailed documentation available on establishment date and
treatment received
– Plots were older than 5 years (7-10 in some cases)
– Plots had not been disturbed since establishment
– Location and borders of plots identifiable in the field
Methodology
Vegetation Sampling
– RelevÉ (“sample stand”) method Barbour et al. 1987
• Absolute percent cover of each plant species Braun-Blanquet
Vegetation Cover Classes
(Braun-Blanquet)
Range of %
Class
Cover
1
75-100
2
50-75
3
25-50
4
2-25
5
1-5
+
<1- 0.5
R*
Rare
Median
87.5
62.5
37.5
15.0
3
0.75
*
* R=Individuals occurring seldom or
only once; cover ignored and assumed
to be insignificant. SOURCE: MuellerDombois and Ellenburg 1994
Methodology
Vegetation Sampling
– RelevÉ (“sample stand”) method - Barbour et
al. 1987
• Absolute percent cover of each plant species Braun-Blanquet
• Sociability of each plant species - Braun-Blanquet
Sociability Scale
(Braun-Blanquet )
Value
Meaning
5
Growing in large, almost pure stands
4
Growing in small colonies or carpets
3
Forming small patches or cushions
2
Forming small but dense clumps
1
Growing singly
SOURCE: Barbour et al. 1987
Methodology
Methodology
Vegetation Sampling
– RelevÉ (“sample stand”) method - Barbour et
al. 1987
• Absolute percent cover of each plant species Braun-Blanquet
• Sociability of each plant species - Braun-Blanquet
• Vigor of each plant species
Vigor Class
Class
E
G
F
P
Meaning
Excellent
Good
Fair
Poor
Site 01-04 Tailings (Elevation 4400 feet)
Non-BioSolids
BioSolids
(20-30t/ac)
Weedy # Spp.
Species Cover
2
11%
2
88%
NonWeedy # Spp.
Species Cover
5
60%
1
0.2%
Total
# Spp.
All Spp. Cover
7
71%
3
88%
Site 01-05 Tailings (Elevation 4400 feet)
Non-BioSolids
BioSolids
(10-30 t/ac)
Weedy # Spp.
Species Cover
2
11%
2
54%
NonWeedy # Spp.
Species Cover
3
64%
2
46%
Total
# Spp.
All Spp. Cover
5
75%
4
100%
Site 01-06 Waste Rock (Elevation 6150 feet)
Non-BioSolids
BioSolids
(30 t/ac)
Weedy # Spp.
Species Cover
3
6%
4
92%
NonWeedy # Spp.
Species Cover
2
16%
2
0.4%
Total
# Spp.
All Spp. Cover
5
22%
7
93%
Site 01-06 Waste Rock &Soil (Elevation 6150 ft)
Non-BioSolids
BioSolids
(30 t/ac)
Weedy # Spp.
Species Cover
7
17%
6
101%
NonWeedy # Spp.
Species Cover
14
62%
7
7%
Total
# Spp.
All Spp. Cover
21
79%
14
108%
Site 01-07 Waste Rock (Elevation 6050 feet)
Non-BioSolids
BioSolids
(30 t/ac)
Weedy # Spp.
Species Cover
5
8%
8
99%
NonWeedy # Spp.
Species Cover
14
120%
8
29%
Total
# Spp.
All Spp. Cover
19
128%
16
128%
Site 01-09 Gravel Pit–no lime (Elevation 5400 ft)
Non-BioSolids
BioSolids
(0,15,20 t/ac)
Weedy # Spp.
Species Cover
6
1.5%
7
59%
NonWeedy # Spp.
Species Cover
15
33%
6
60%
Total
# Spp.
All Spp. Cover
21
35%
13
119%
Site 01-09 Gravel Pit (Elevation 5400 ft)
Non-BioSolids
BioSolids
(0,15,20 t/ac)
Weedy # Spp.
Species Cover
4
0.7%
7
85%
NonWeedy # Spp.
Species Cover
14
48%
3
25%
Total
# Spp.
All Spp. Cover
18
49%
10
110%
Comparison of Absolute Cover and
Species Richness between Paired Test Plots
Comparison of Absolute Cover and Species Richness between Paired Test Plots
Weed Species
Test Plot
01-04
01-05
01-06
Tailings
01-06 Soil
01-07
01-09 No
Trts
01-09 All
Trts
Absolute Cover
(%)
Non-Weed Species
No. of Species
Observed
Absolute Cover
(%)
No. of Species
Observed
BS
88
54
92
NBS
21
41
6
BS
2
2
4
NBS
2
2
3
BS
0.2
46
0.4
NBS
90
64
16
BS
1
2
2
NBS
5
3
2
101
99
59
17
8
1.5
6
8
7
7
5
6
7
29
60
62
120
33
7
8
6
14
14
15
85
0.7
7
4
25
48
3
14
Absolute Cover provided by All Species versus tons of Biosolids
(applied for all paired sub-plots)
Absolute Cover
Provided by All Vegetation
200
150
100
Linear
()
y = 1.7457x + 66.206
R² = 0.3669
50
0
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Biosolid Application (tons/acre)
20
25
30
35
y=2.252x+16.958
R2 = 0.7047
y = -1.825 + 75.774
R2 = 0.3641
Comparison of Absolute Cover and
Species Richness between Paired Test Plots
Comparison of Absolute Cover and Species Richness between Paired Test Plots
Weed Species
Test Plot
01-04
01-05
01-06
Tailings
01-06 Soil
01-07
01-09 No
Trts
01-09 All
Trts
Absolute Cover
(%)
Non-Weed Species
No. of Species
Observed
Absolute Cover
(%)
No. of Species
Observed
BS
88
54
92
NBS
21
41
6
BS
2
2
4
NBS
2
2
3
BS
0.2
46
0.4
NBS
90
64
16
BS
1
2
2
NBS
5
3
2
101
99
59
17
8
1.5
6
8
7
7
5
6
7
29
60
62
120
33
7
8
6
14
14
15
85
0.7
7
4
25
48
3
14
Questions ?