Download Chapter 11 The Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea Some

Chapter 11 The Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
Some Representative Groups of Prokaryotes
Domain Archaea
Extremophiles:
Genus Sulfolobus
thermophiles (>70°C)
found in acidic (pH 2) sulfur-rich hot springs
Genus Halobacterium
halophiles: require minimum 9%NaCl, typical 25%+
red-orange pigments for UV protection
Methanogens:
Genus Methanobacterium
produce methane: organic acids or CO2,+ H2 → CH4
obligate anaerobes
found in human & animal colons, ocean sediments
useful in sewage treatment
Domain Bacteria
Selected Gram-Negative Bacteria
Phototrophic Bacteria
Class Cyanobacteria
aquatic
Chlorophyll a, oxygenic photosynthesis
nitrogen fixation: nitrogen gas to ammonium
unicellular and colonial filamentous forms
Genus common designation: Green sulfur bacteria
aquatic
Bacteriochlophyll a + c, anoxygenic photosynthesis: H2S as electron donor
Genus common designation: Green non-sulfur bacteria
aquatic
Bacteriochlophylls a + c, anoxygenic photosynthesis: organics as electron donor
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Genus common designation: Purple sulfur bacteria
aquatic
Bacteriochlorophyll a or b, anoxygenic photosynthesis: H2S as electron donor
Genus common designation: Purple non-sulfur bacteria
aquatic
Bacteriochlorophyll a or b, anoxygenic photosynthesis: organics as electron donor
Other Gram Negative Bacteria
Genus Zoogloea
aerobic sewage treatment
form precipitating flocs
Genus Cytophaga
in soil
motility via gliding
degrade cellulose and chitin
Genus Wolbachia
most common infectious bacterial genus
live inside cells of invertebrates, passed to offspring in eggs
bacterial genes expressed by host: may contribute to evolution of insects
Genus Bdellovibrio
motile: single polar flagella
pathogen of Gram negative bacteria
reproduces in periplasm lysing host cell
Genus Myxococcus
motile via slime trails
digest bacteria
low nutrients: aggregate to form a fruiting body → myxospores
Genus Acetobacter & Genus Glucanobacter
industrially important
ethanol → acetic acid
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SCCC BIO244 Chapter 11 Handout
Genus Azospirillum
symbiosis with roots of tropical grass & corn
nitrogen fixation: nitrogen gas to ammonium
Genus Rhizobium & Genus Bradyrhizobium
symbiosis: forms nodules on roots of legumes
nitrogen fixation: nitrogen gas to ammonium
Genus Azotobacter & Genus Azomonas
large, capsulated
grows free in soil but requires carbohydrates
nitrogen fixation: nitrogen gas to ammonium
Genus Nitrobacter
important to environment & agriculture
nitrification: ammonium to nitrite
Genus Nitrosomonas
important to environment & agriculture
nitrification: nitrite to nitrate
Genus Agrobacterium
invades plant cells
causes plant galls (tumors) via insertion of plasmid into plant DNA
plasmid: useful in genetic engineering
Genus Rickettsia
obligate intracellular parasite of mammal cells
induces phagocytosis, replicates in host cells
transmitted via biting insects (lice, fleas, ticks)
human disease: spotted fevers from damaged capillaries
(epidemic typhus, endemic murine typhus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever)
Genus Ehrlichia
obligate intracellular parasite inside leukocytes
transmitted via tick bite
human disease: ehrlichiosis
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SCCC BIO244 Chapter 11 Handout
Genus Brucella
obligate parasite of mammals
survives phagocytosis
contagious, serious livestock disease: abortion, infertility, lameness, weight loss
human disease: brucellosis (undulant fever)
Genus Chlamydia
obligate intracellular pathogen
transmitted by contact or airborne respiratory route
human disease: trachoma, urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease,
conjunctivitis, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
Genus Chlamydophila
obligate intracellular pathogen
transmitted by contact or airborne respiratory route
human disease: psittacosis (ornithosis), pneumonia
Genus Haemophilus
on human mucous membranes
obligate pathogen: requires hemoglobin for cytochromes
human diseases: meningitis, epiglotitis, bronchitis, pneumonia,
chancroid, septic arthritis, otitis media, conjunctivitis
Genus Bordetella
human disease: whooping cough/pertussis
Genus Neisseria
on mucus membranes of mammals
human diseases: gonorrhoea, meningitis
Genus Vibrio
curved rod
in costal waters, transmitted in raw/undercooked shellfish
human disease: cholera
Genus Helicobacter
human disease: peptic ulcers, stomach cancer
Genus Eikenella
in human mouth and upper respiratory tract
human disease: “fight bite” infections
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SCCC BIO244 Chapter 11 Handout
Genus Burkholderia
motile: single polar flagellum
degrade 100+ organics
common resident of moist soil
common contaminant of equipment and drugs in hospitals
can grow in disinfectants
human disease: melioidosis
Genus Pseudomonas
motile: polar flagella
common in soil: can denitrify
produce water soluble pigments
can grow at 4°C: food spoilage
metabolize wide variety of substrates: e.g. soap, adhesives, antiseptics
antibiotic resistant
infections in immunocompromised patients, cystic fibrosis patients
causes 10% of all nosocomial infections: UTI, wound infections,
burn infections, blood infections, abscesses, meningitis
hot tub rash, swimmers ear
Genus Campylobacter
animal disease: spontaneous abortion
human disease: gastroenteritis, Guillain-Barre syndrome
Genus Bartonella
transmitted via cat saliva & feces
human disease: cat-scratch disease
Genus Francisella
small, pleomorphic
grow in complex media
transmitted via saliva, urine, feces from rabbits & squirrels, biting insects
human disease: tularemia
Genus Spirillum
spiral, motile: polar flagella
in fresh water
transmitted via rodent bite or fecal contamination
human disease: rat bite fever
Genus Legionella
live in aquatic amoeba in fresh water
contaminant of industrial AC systems
human disease: Legionnaire’s disease
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SCCC BIO244 Chapter 11 Handout
Genus Treponema
spirochete: motility via axial filaments
human pathogen: syphilis
Genus Borrelia
spirochete: motility via axial filaments
transmitted via tick from rodents
human disease: Lyme disease, relapsing fever
Genus Leptospira
spirochete: motility via axial filaments
transmitted via animal urine contaminated water
human disease: Leptospirosis
Order Enterobacteriales: Common name “The Enterics”
-facultative anaerobes
-peritrichously flagellated
-ferment carbohydrates
-have fimbriae
-sex pili: exchange antibiotic resistance
-produce bacteriocins
Genus Escherichia
one of the most common bacteria in human GI
most studied organism in microbiology
some human disease: traveler’s diarrhea, UTIs
Genus Salmonella
common flora of poultry, cattle, reptiles
human disease: salmonellosis, typhoid fever
Genus Shigella
in humans only
human disease: shigellosis (bacillary dysentery)
Genus Klebsiella
in soil & water
can fix nitrogen
human disease: pneumonia
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SCCC BIO244 Chapter 11 Handout
Genus Serratia
red pigment for UV protection
contaminant of hospital solutions
human disease: UTI & respiratory infections
Genus Proteus
motile: swarming growth
urease positive
human disease: UTI & wound infection
Genus Yersinia
transmitted via fleas from rats and ground squirrels
human disease: Black Death/plague, yersiniosis
Genus Enterobacter
in soil, water, animals, humans
human disease: UTI & nosocomial infections
Genus Cronobacter
human disease: meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis in infants
Genus Erwinia
plant pathogen
hydrolyze pectin: plant soft rot
Selected Gram-Positive Bacteria
Genus Epulopiscium
largest bacteria (80 X 600 µm)
25x more DNA than human cells
commensal of gut of Red Sea surgeon fish
no binary fission: daughter cells released through a pore
Genus Streptomyces
common in soil
filamentous, aerobes
produce external asexual spores
degrade and recycle tough organics
produce many antibiotics
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SCCC BIO244 Chapter 11 Handout
Genus Lactobacillus
on human mucosa: GI, vagina, oral cavity
perform lactic acid fermentation of carbohydrates
used for sauerkraut, pickles, buttermilk, yogurt
Genus Bacillus
endospore forming rods
common in soil
many produce antibiotics
Bt toxin = insecticide
human and animal disease: anthrax, gastroenteritis
Genus Clostridium
obligate anaerobes
endospore forming rods
produce toxins
human disease: tetanus, botulism, gangrene, diarrhea
Genus Listeria
contaminant of dairy products and deli meat
can grow at 4°C
survives in phagocytes
crosses placenta: stillbirth or damage to fetus
human disease: listeriosis, meningitis, sepsis
Genus Cornebacterium
pleomorphic
human disease: diptheria
Genus Propionibacterium
on human skin
form propionic acid: used for Swiss cheese
human disease: acne
Genus Staphylococcus
cocci in clusters
tolerate high osmotic pressure & low moisture
can survive on human skin & in nose
human disease: food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome, wound infections
impetigo, skin infections
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SCCC BIO244 Chapter 11 Handout
Genus Streptococcus
cocci in chains
produce tissue & cell digesting toxins and enzymes, evade phagocytosis
cause many human diseases: scarlet fever, pharyngitis, erysipelas, impetigo,
rheumatic fever, neonatal sepsis, pneumonia, dental caries,
meningitis, otitis media, endocarditis, puerperal fever,
necrotizing fasciitis
Genus Enterococcus
on human mucosa: GI, vagina, oral cavity
antibiotic resistant
leading cause of nosocomial infections: surgical wounds, UTI
Genus Mycobacterium
usually bacilli, occasionally filamentous
cell wall has mycolic acid outer layer = acid fast, drug &dehydration resistance
slow growth
human diseases: leprosy (Hansen’s disease), tuberculosis, Buruli ulcers
Genus Mycoplasma
no cell wall: sterols in membrane
smallest bacteria/free living organisms
only 517 genes
can grow in filamentous form or single
human disease: pneumonia
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SCCC BIO244 Chapter 11 Handout
Photosynthetic Prokaryotes:
Cyanobacteria
Green non-sulfur bacteria
Green sulfur bacteria
Purple non-sulfur bacteria
Purple sulfur bacteria
Cause Human Disease or Infection:
Bacillus
Bartonella
Bordetella
Borrelia
Brucella
Burkholderia
Campylobacter
Chlamydia
Chlamydophila
Clostridium
Cornebacterium
Cronobacter
Ehrlichia
Eikenella
Enterobacter
Enterococcus
Escherichia
Francisella
Haemophilus
Helicobacter
Klebsiella
Legionella
Leptospira
Listeria
Mycobacterium
Mycoplasma
Neisseria
Propionibacterium
Proteus
Pseudomonas
Rickettsia
Salmonella
Serratia
Shigella
Spirillum
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Treponema
Vibrio
Yersinia
Nitrogen Cycle Prokaryotes (Agriculture):
Nitrogen fixation (N2 → NH4+)
Azomonas
Azospirillum
Azotobacter
Bradyrhizobium
Cyanobacteria
Rhizobium
Nitrification (NH4+ → NO2-)
Nitrobacter
Nitrification (NO2- → NO3-)
Nitrosomas
Infects or Consumes Other Microbes:
Bdellovibrio
Legionella
Myxococcus
Spore or Endospore Producing Prokaryotes:
Bacillus
Clostridium
Myxococcus
Streptomyces
Industrially Useful Prokaryotes:
Methanobacterium – sewage treatment
Zoogloea – sewage treatment
Agrobacterium – plant bioengineering
Bacillus – insecticide, antibiotics
Streptomyces - antibiotics
Acetobacter - vinegar
Glucanobacter - vinegar
Lactobacillus - food
Propionibacterium - food
Largest Prokaryote:
Epulopiscium
Smallest Prokaryote:
Mycoplasma
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Disease Acquired From Animals:
Bartonella
Borrelia
Brucella
Francisella
Leptospira
Rickettsia
Salmonella
Spirillum
Yersinia
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Transmitted By Biting Insects:
Borrelia
Ehrlichia
Francisella
Rickettsia
Yersinia
Obligate Parasites:
Brucella
Chlamydia
Chlamydophila
Ehrlichia
Haemophilus
Rickettsia
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SCCC BIO244 Chapter 11 Handout