Download DIABETES TYPES- PRECAUTION TO BE TAKEN:

DIABETES TYPES- PRECAUTION TO BE TAKEN:
Apples, pears, apricots, blueberries, kiwifruit, pomegranates, and avocados are very good but
you have to eat it Moderately, also Test before and after
Bananas, dates, grapes, watermelon, and oranges dried fruits, have a lot of SugarAlso Cactus
is really good for type 2 diabetics.
Unless you are consuming large quantities of fruit, then eating fruit is not really that big of an
issue. Fruit has so much good stuff in it that you can overlook the "bad" sugar it has. You may
find that certain fruit causes sugar to skyrocket and if that's the case then that item should be
strictly limited.
Fiber rich foods are general safe for diabetics to eat because they tend to have a lower
glycemic index (GI) Fruits high in fiber include: apples(2.5%), pears (2.1%), apricots (2.1%),
blueberries (2.7%), kiwifruit (2.1%), pomegranates (3.4%), and avocados (6.7%). Apples have
added benefits for people with diabetes. Raw apples contain high amounts of pectin which
has been shown to improve glycemic control in diabetics, reducing insulin.
Diabetic people can eat fiber-rich fruits like watermelon, strawberries, papaya, plums,
muskmelon, etc. These fruits help to control blood sugar, levels. Due to their law glycaemic
index, they promote a gradual increase in the blood sugar level which is highly beneficial to
diabetics. Fresh lime also helps a lot by providing vitamins and minerals to the diabetic,
person.
But on the other hand all fruit juices should be restricted because they contain too much
sugar and moreover because plenty of fruit is required to make one glass of juice.
Juice does not add any fiber to person’s diet but instead raises the blood sugar level
simultaneously. Fruits like mango, custard apple, chickoo, banana and grapes should be
strictly avoided as they have high sugar content.
Dry fruits are not allowed for diabetes because they contain high level of fat and
concentrated source of energy. Dates are not at all good for diabetics. They are rich in
calories and should be avoided by diabetics and obese. Dried dates are a good source of
calcium and iron.
What Fruits Can A Diabetic Eat?
A bowl of fruit Diabetics often ask whether it is safe for them to eat large quantities of fruit.
Many people suffering from diabetes avoid eating fruit because they are worried about the
high sugar content found in most fruits. Fortunately, there are many fruits a diabetic can
enjoy which do not significantly affect blood glucose levels.
Good Fruits For Diabetics
Fiber rich foods are general safe for diabetics to eat because they tend to have a lower
glycemic index (GI) and therefore do not spike blood sugar levels to the same extent as high
GI foods. This is because fiber slows down the absorption of sugar into the blood stream.
Fiber rich fruits tend to be fruits with edible skins and seeds as it is these parts of the fruit
that are highest in fiber. Fruits high in fiber include (fiber content in brackets): apples(2.5%),
pears (2.1%), apricots (2.1%), blueberries (2.7%), kiwifruit (2.1%), pomegranates (3.4%), and
avocados (6.7%).
The avocado is not only high in fiber, but is also a rich source of monounsaturated fat. The
American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends a diet high in monounsaturated fat as it
can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease which is more common in diabetics than
the general population. There is also some evidence that a diet rich in monounsaturated fat
can improve glycemic control.
Fruits high in fructose, and those with high fructose to glucose ratios are also beneficial to
diabetics because fructose does not require insulin to metabolize and therefore can be
enjoyed by insulin resistant diabetics. High fructose fruits include apples, pears, guavas, and
mangoes, - all of which have fructose to glucose ratios greater than 2.
Along with high fiber and fructose levels, apples have added benefits for people with
diabetes. Raw apples contain high amounts of pectin which has been shown to improve
glycemic control in diabetics, reducing insulin requirements by up to 50% in some cases.
Grapefruit is another fruit which may be beneficial for diabetics. Grapefruit can promote
weight loss which in turn helps reduce insulin resistance. According to the Scripps institute,
grapefruit may also help control insulin levels when consumed during meal times.
Bad Fruits For Diabetics
Fruits with high amounts of glucose should be eaten only in small amounts as they can spike
blood glucose levels however most can still be enjoyed as part of a healthy diabetic meal
plan. High sugar fruits include bananas, dates, grapes, watermelon, and oranges.
Likewise, fruit juices tend to be stripped of the pulpy fibrous parts of the fruit and therefore
tend to be very low in fiber and very high in sugar. Many fruit juices manufacturers also add
sugar to their fruit juices to the extent that some fruit juices have higher sugar levels than
carbonated sodas.
Dried fruits tend to have a significant effect blood sugar levels due to their high sugar
content. Canned fruits in syrup also tend to be high in sugar and therefore should be eaten in
moderation or drained of the syrup before consuming. Many fruits are also available canned
in their own juices rather than in syrup. These should be used in preference to fruits canned
in syrup.
For most of us, eating a sensible diet means five basic changes
We should eat less fat.

We should eat less sugar.

We should eat more fibre.

We should eat more fruits and vegetables.

We should avoid hunger by filling up with good food.
(1) Eat less Fat
Fat is not our friend, so we must except it in small quantities. Fat contains more than twice
the calories of other nutrients. Person should switch the low fat diary products. He should eat
less red meat like beef, lamb and pork. Twice a week is enough. Person should also switch to
fish, turkey, chicken, pork steak, etc.
Foods to be avoided should a like high fat foods such as Fried breakfasts, pastries, cream,
butter, mayonnaise, fries, chocolate, Candy, biscuits, cookies etc.
(2) Eat Less Sugar
Sugar is also not human being friend. Processed sugar is relatively high in calories. In addition,
it’s almost valueless as a food. It provides us mainly with no nutrients, so if we stopped
eating it tomorrow we would not be any less nourished. Person should reduce the amount of
sugar in tea or coffee. There should be no addition of sugar in cereal. Person should avoid
non-diet soft drinks. Instead enjoy diet drinks or fruit juice. He should start reading food
labels and choose brands with less sugar.
(3) Eat More Fibre
Fibres contains fewer calories than fat or sugar, so it is an ideal slimming food. It also fills us
up, so we feel nice and satisfied. It also helps to protect against a number of digestive
complaints like constipation as well as diabetes and gall stones. High fibre diet includes whole
meal bread potatoes, pasta, brown rice, beans, peas, leafy green vegetables, sweet corn, oat
bran.
(4) Eat more fruits and vegetables
They are best friend of diabetic people. Ideally, patient should eat 4-5 helpings of fruit
everyday. Whatever you do, Don’t just park your fruit in a fruit bowl and expect to eat it. Be
more creative. You will eat a lot more fruit if you are.
Ideally, person should eat 3-4 helpings of vegetables every day. They should make
homemade soup because it is quick, easy and even green vegetables taste delicious. Person’s
should eat more salads. They should remember, salad is not just a lettuce-leaf. It includes
onions, tomatoes, cucumber, sweet-corn, radishes, chopped carrot and chopped cabbage.
Patients should move away from meat. They should stop making meat the centerpiece of
their main meals. They should eat small quantities of it and eat more vegetables, instead.
(5) Avoid Hunger
Hunger is definitely the Enemy No. 1 of human beings. Hunger is easily the biggest Diet-Killer.
It is because hunger makes us miserable. We give up dieting and go back to the
biscuits/cookies.
Unfortunately, most slimness still think that dieting means eating small portions-that’s why
most of them give up dieting and stays fat.
REGULAR EXERCISE:
Regular exercise is especially important for a person with diabetes. It helps with blood sugar
control, weight loss, and high blood pressure. People with diabetes who exercise are less
likely to experience a heart attack or stroke than diabetics who not exercise regularly.
Exercise, generally helps control blood glucose levels because exercising muscle cells use
more sugar and oxygen than those at rest. Exercise also helps insulin to work better.
There are two main types of exercise i.e. Aerobic and Anaerobic.
Aerobic Exercise: It is steady exercise over a period of time that causes our body to use more
oxygen. It makes our heart and lungs stronger, lowers blood lipids, lowers blood pressure,
and used up blood sugar. Aerobic exercises includes walking briskly, cycling, dancing,
swimming, Jogging, cross-country skiing, some team sports etc.
Anaerobic Exercise : It consists of short bursts of energy that work one part of the body at a
time, such as weight lifting. It builds muscles but does not strengthen the heart and lungs. It
uses small amounts of blood sugar, but not enough to have much effect on overall blood
sugar levels.
Both types of exercises are beneficial. While aerobic exercise works to lower blood sugar
better, the benefits of anaerobic activities such as weight training are important too. For
maximum benefit, aerobic exercise should be done 3 to 5 minutes a week, for 20-30 minutes
each time. If a person is taking insulin them it is easier to balance his blood glucose levels if
he exercise at the same time of day.
How Regular Exercise Controls Blood Sugar :
Regular Exercise is of great value in patients suffering from both Type-1 and Type-2 diabetes.
Sometimes, it may seem easier to pop a pill or even take a shot than to put on your walking
shoes and hit the trail. But the truth is that exercise, in combination with a healthy diet, is
one of the best things; the person can do to take care of himself, if he/she is suffering from
diabetes. Due to exercise, the glucose is metabolised in the body and thus normal blood
sugar level is maintained. Exercise increases the body efficiency, because it increases the
tissue sensitivity to Insulin in patients suffering from Type-2 Diabetes. Here more amount of
glucose is forced out of the blood stream and into the cells where it is utilized for the
production of energy. Hence, this condition reduces the level of glucose in the blood. It has
been known that, exercise also increases the demand of muscles for glucose. If the muscles
are exercising or in the working order then require more glucose the muscles those are not in
working order. Hence, this condition also lowers the blood sugar level.
In addition, to all this, the exercise burns calories which therefore helps in lose weight or
maintain a healthy weight. And it is said that in a healthy weight individual, the blood sugar
level remains in normal range, particularly in Type-2 diabetes.
Exercise can improve circulation, especially in the arms and legs, where people with diabetes
can have problems. Exercise can possibly reduce the amount of medication we need to treat
diabetes or even eliminate the need for medication. Exercise also provides us relief from
stress, which is the major contributing factor in raising blood sugar levels.
Moreover, exercises reduce weight in case of the obese person. If there is extra body weight
then unnecessary strain is put on beta cells, they needed to overwork, and hence the function
of Beta cells is impaired for whole life. In some people, exercise combined with a meal plan,
can control Type-2 Diabetes without the need for medications.
EXERCISE, HYPERTENSION AND DIABETES
Exercise, helps in reducing the high blood pressure. A high blood pressure can lead to a heart
attack or stroke. So, an exercise helps in lowering the risk for heart diseases. With all these
good things going for it, it’s mind boggling that only a few people get enough exercise or
leisure-time physical activity to benefit.
Hypertension is more commonly prevalent in a diabetic than in a non-diabetic. It is present in
more than 50% of patient with Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and may or may not
be accompanied by renal damage. Hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of
macro/micro vascular disease in diabetics. Although increased cardiovascular risk has been
demonstrated in adult diabetic subject with pressure slightly greater than 130/80 mm Hg. The
decision to treat mildly elevated levels of blood pressure must rest on clinical grounds in each
individual. Isolated systolic hypertension is more common in a diabetic than a non-diabetic
and is a risk factor for micro vascular disease, but treatment should be individualised. In
diabetics, the high blood pressure may be due to secondary causes, which must be carefully
considered and ruled out.
Primary Measures for management of hypertension in diabetics include, Regular Exercise,
weight optimization, Cessation of smoking and dietary salt restriction. The drugs to be given
to diabetics for hypertension must be carefully thought about because many anti
hypertensive drugs shows side effects in diabetic individuals.
EXERCISE, CHOLESTEROL AND DIABETES
Exercise can help reduce the cholesterol of diabetics. Hence, by lowering the cholesterol level
in diabetics, the risk for heart disease like heart attack or stroke is also reduced in them.
Exercise lowers the elevated blood cholesterol by increasing the amount of high-density
lipoproteins (HDLs), which are mainly responsible for removing cholesterol from the blood
stream. Exercise also reduces the triglycerides and bad type of low-density lipoproteins in the
blood and thus lowers the blood pressure, which in turn minimizes or decreases the risk of
heat attacks in diabetics. Atherosclerosis is also prevented by Exercise in Diabetic people. No
hardening of arteries occurs, if a diabetic person performs regular exercise.
Nowadays, cholesterol has become the number one public health issue nationwide. The US
National Institute of Health has described high cholesterol as an epidemic. This really no
surprise because it has been observed that heart disease kills many people every year and the
elevated cholesterol level is the main causative factor in them. In order, to prevent this the
National Institute of Health has given certain Cholesterol treatment guidelines. By following
the preventive programs the preventive programs or getting proper treatment, the patients
cholesterol level decreases considerably and thereby reducing the occurrence of more serious
diseases. Statins are the family of drugs most commonly used to treat high cholesterol. But
there are certain controversies in using them. Such as Statins and their herbal source and red
rice yeast may cause muscle damage and in some cases it may be fatal even.
SELECTING YOUR EXERCISE
It is people is out of shape or have been recently diagnosed as having diabetes, and then
he/she should see his doctor before starting an exercise program. Doctor can best guide
about the type of exercises that are good for him depending on how well the diabetes is
controlled. Moreover, doctor can choose an enjoyable physical activity that is perfect for his
current fitness level.
Before making choice of an exercise program for the patient doctor should check the
sensation in patient’s feet. He should check patient’s feet for any cut; sores, bruises, blisters,
or any provide tips to the patient that is about the best care of his feet. Doctor should advise
to the patient, the use of special shoes, if required.
While choosing an exercise, person should keep in mind that it should put undue stress on his
feet. Hence, exercises like walking, swimming or bicycling must be the appropriate choices.
Person should try to avoid activities like running or jumping that could injure his feet. Patient
should remember to warm up and cool down before and after exercising and he/she should
always wear comfortable footwear. During walking or jogging, person should be very sure
that his shoes fit well and are designed for the activity, which the person is performing.
Person should be alert for blisters. Person should wear and shoes for a bit of each day until
they are comfortable and are not as likely to cause blisters. Person should always remember
to wear soaks. Diabetics should choose light exercises. They should not choose strenuous
exercise as it may elevate blood pressure in them. If a patient has foot problem, then he
should choose swimming or biking rather than jogging because it is easier on the foot. After
making final choice of the exercise, the person should begin the exercising activity, slowly
with a low impact. Such as if a person has to do walking then he should start with five
minutes and add a bit of time each day.
Exercises like diving, parachuting and mountain climbing are not recommended for people
with diabetes. Because, during performing these exercises, hypoglycaemia can occur which
can lead to serious complications.
WHY WALKING WINS
Diabetics can cut down their risk of dying prematurely by just getting up and walking. These
have been found by several researchers. Their study found that the diabetic people who
walked at least two hours a week had nearly a 40 percent reduction in death from all causes.
Many studies have shown the health benefits of regular physical exercises including a
decrease in the risk of developing diabetes. But little research has been done on the effect of
exercise on people who already have the disease. In this study investigators from the Centers
for Diseases Central and Prevention looked at nearly 3,000 adults with diabetes. All were
questioned about their exercise habits through surveys administered in the community.
Participants were followed for eight years. When compared with individuals who did not
exercise, those who reported at least two hours a week of walking had a 39 percent lower
death rate overall and a 34 percent lower death from cardio vascular causes. Even better
results were seen for those who walked three to four hours a week. Therefore, these findings
support the current recommendations that brisk walking on a regular basis is key health
behaviour for persons suffering from Type-2 Diabetes mellitus. This regular daily walk will
prevent the deposition of fat and maintain normal blood circulation particularly in the
extremities.
HOW OFTEN SHOULD A PERSON EXERCISE
Person should try to exercise at the same time every day and for the same duration. This will
help him controlling his blood sugar. It is mainly recommended to exercise at least three
times a week for about 30 to 45 minutes. But if a person does not have at least 30 minutes to
exercise then they should break their routine into shorter intervals. They could perform
exercise for 10-15 minutes in the morning before going for job. Then they should take a 10-15
minutes walk at lunch time. Then again they can perform exercise for 10-15 minutes in the
evening.
HOW MUCH EXERCISE
It has been noted that a sedentary life style increases the chances of becoming overweight
and developing a large number of chronic diseases. Exercise or regular physical activity helps
many of the body’s systems function better and keeps a host of diseases at bay. The physical
exercises improve the chances of living longer and living healthier. It also prevents developing
heart diseases or developing certain cancers like that of colon and breast cancer. It also
prevents and helps in controlling Type-2 diabetes. Despite of all such beneficial effects, the
person should fix up the time for exercise. He should not overexert himself. Hence,
Regularity, intensity and duration of exercise are very important. It is recommended half an
hour of continuous aerobic exercise. During this exercise, the heart goes up for a few minutes
and a drop of sweat appear. This is all what is generally required. Person should stop
exercising at once, if he feels any sort of discomforts like pain in the chest, neck or any other
body part.
PRECAUTIONS
No doubt, exercises are very good for people suffering with diabetes but certain precautions
should be taken during performing them. Straining or overexertion during exercising should
be avoided. If after stopping the exercise, the breathing and pulse rate do not come to
normal then it proves that the person has got overstrained and this may lead to a condition
known as hypoglycaemia that is reduction in blood sugar level.
During exercising, person should not wear tight clothes. He should wear loose, comfortable
clothes and the types of clothes he wear should suit the weather. In summers, generally
lightweight and light coloured clothes are preferred. If a person is exercising then care should
be taken that he is having his regular meals, that is sufficient quantity of carbohydrates are
provided in his diet. Otherwise, hypoglycaemia may occur.
Patient should not keep on exercising continuously, in a condition if he finds blisters or cuts in
his feet. Exercise should be immediately stopped until the healing of feet occurs.
LISTEN TO YOUR BODY: WHEN NOT TO EXERCISE
If the person’s blood sugar level is above 300 mg/dl, then he/she should not exercise. Due to
exercise the blood glucose level may be raised. It is because when the person performs
exercise, then he liver releases the glucose, which has been stored in it in the form of
glycogen.
If a person is ill or suffering from any infection, then also exercising should be stopped, till the
person gets well. It is because during sick condition, the blood sugar levels are already very
difficult to control and further exercises may worsen the condition.
The presence of ketone, in the urine, also indicates that one should not perform exercise. It is
because when we exercise, we usually burn glucose and fat. So when fats are burned in order
to provide energy, they release certain by products like ketones. Enough insulin in our blood
means that little quantity of ketone can be used as fuel. But when there is less amount of
insulin, then ketones get deposited up and they are excreted into urine. Hence, presence of
ketone in urine indicates that our body does not have sufficient quantity of insulin maintain
the blood sugar level under normal range.
If the person, experiences, tingling or pain or numbness in his legs then also he should stop
exercising.
During certain, climatic changes like in extreme, hot or cold weather, there is increased
chance of diabetics for developing hypoglycemia and moreover, due to cold weather in
diabetics skin cracks may occur due to impaired circulation and neuropathy. If the patient
feels dizziness, nausea or short of breath then he should not exercise. Moreover if he/she
suffers from the problem of blurred vision then also they should stop exercising.
TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS :
It is also called Insulin Dependent Diabetes (IDDM) or Juvenile Diabetes.
Although, it may occur at any age, but it usually develops in childhood or adolescence, before
the age of 25. Equal incidences are seen in both sexes. But there are increased incidences in
white population. This type of diabetes accounts for 10-15% of all cases of Diabetes mellitus.
This type of Diabetes is acute in onset and progresses rapidly.
Type 1 Diabetes is caused by complete deficiency of Insulin resulting from Beta cell
destruction. It can be explained on the basis of three basic factors:
(i) Genetic susceptibility:
* A family history of Type 1 Diabetes mellitus is often found.
* Moreover, it has been seen in identical turns, that if one twin has Type 1 diabetes, there is
50% chance of the second twin developing diabetes.
* Majority of the cases of Type 1 diabetes has been seen in individuals with HLA-D
Phenotypes (HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4).
(ii) Auto Immunity:
* The islet cell antibodies, sometimes instead of providing immunity to the pancreas, acts
against it and destroys the insulin producing Beta cells of Pancreas. Thereby leading to raised
glucose level and thus diabetes mellitus.
* There may be Insulitis i.e. infiltration of lymphocytes around the Pancreatic islets further
leading to loss of most of the Beta Cells.
* Type 1 Diabetes may also be associated with other autoimmune diseases such as
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Addison’s disease as pernicious anaemia.
(iii) Environmental Factors:
It may be:
* Viral infections such as –congenital Rubella, Mumps, Measles and coxsackie B virus may
lead to the onset of Type 1 Diabetes.
The type 1 of diabetes mellitus is a serious adolescent disease in the advanced parts of the
world such as in Europe and in America. This type of diabetes affects mainly people who are
in their early childhood or adolescence, though it may occur in an older age also. It is quite
acute right from its onset, but it advances with growing age. Once diabetes mellitus type 1
sets in, there is no complete cure for it, and the person must learn to live with the condition.
However, there are many remedies, especially in Ayurveda, through which diabetes mellitus
type 1 can be kept under control.
TYPES OF DIABETES:
(1)
TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
(2)
TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
(3)
GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS-GDM
(4)
OTHER TYPES
(1)
DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 1 IN DETAIL:
What is Diabetes Mellitus Type 1?
Diabetes mellitus type 1 is insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. It is also known as IDDM for
this reason. It is characterized by the absence of insulin, or its inefficacy in properly utilizing
the glucose content in the human bloodstream. Due to this, the level of blood sugar rises,
which is voided through the urination.
This type of diabetes mellitus is commonly found in the younger generation. Even preadolescent are affected by it. Hence, diabetes mellitus type 1 is also known as juvenile
diabetes. That said, diabetes mellitus type 1 is not restricted to adolescents only. It can even
affect middle-aged people.
Causes of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
Diabetes mellitus type 1 is classified as an autoimmune disorder. An autoimmune disorder is
one in which the body attacks itself. In case of diabetes mellitus type 1, the cells of the
pancreas are attacked. The pancreas is responsible for the production of insulin, which
controls the blood sugar level.
The Onset of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
Very little is known to medical science about how the diabetes mellitus type 1 sets in. It
begins quite suddenly, and without any apparent stimulating factor. Once it sets in, it rapidly
advances and shows complications. Diabetes mellitus type 1 is a largely fatal disease.
It is indeed very difficult to diagnose diabetes mellitus type 1, since it affects the younger
generation who are very ignorant about such a condition. For this reason, the disease is
mostly brought into light only when it is too late. Diabetes mellitus type 1 can get seriously
complicated and that too very fast.
Recent research is providing evidence that the diabetes mellitus type 1 is caused due to an
infection of the Coxsackie virus. Another indication is the consumption of cow’s milk in
children. Some children have a resistance to cow’s milk, which could trigger the autoimmune
system of the body to release antibodies. This could be a cause of the diabetes mellitus type
1, but it has not yet been studied enough.
Why is Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Different?
There are many ways in which diabetes mellitus type 1 differs from the other forms of
diabetes. Firstly, diabetes mellitus type 1 affects children and adolescents. The people who
suffer from diabetes mellitus type 1 are not necessarily obese and do not have a
hyperglycemic dietary pattern. In this manner, diabetes mellitus type 1 is not a dietary
disease at all. It cannot be controlled by sticking to a particular dietary pattern.
It is also found that diabetes mellitus type 1 does not have a genetic disposition. Unlike other
forms of diabetes mellitus, a family member having diabetes mellitus type 1 does not affect
the chances of the other members having it in any way.
Diabetes mellitus type 1 does not depend on the lifestyle a person leads. It has equal chances
of occurring in people who lead active as well as sedentary lifestyles.
The Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
Diabetes mellitus type 1 is more prevalent in the European and the American continents. It is
known to affect every 1 in 500 children below the age of 10 years and every 1 in 200
teenagers. On an average every 15 of 100,000 people suffer from diabetes mellitus type 1, i.e.
it affects 3% of the total adolescent population of the world. Hence, diabetes mellitus type 1
has a very prolific growth rate, though it is not as widely known.
Conventional Treatment Methods
Diabetes mellitus type 1 is not curable as of today, but attempts are being made on several
counts to control the disease. Insulin injections are the most popular way to cope with the
disease. Another way to increase the insulin amount in the body is to regenerate the cells of
the pancreas so that they are more able to produce insulin in the body.
A very different approach is being developed in recent times, which is based on genetic
engineering. The cells are being genetically engineered to remain resistant to autoimmune
disorders or to secrete normal amounts of insulin.
Perhaps the most drastic conventional method to treat diabetes mellitus type 1 is to replace
the pancreas or to introduce an artificial pancreas into the body. None of these methods,
though, are assured treatment methods for diabetes mellitus type 1.
* Exposure to cow’s milk rather then material milk in infancy may lead to development of
type 1 DM. It is because the albumin from cow’s milk may react with islet cells of pancreas,
leading to their destruction.
* Geography also plays an important role, as the incidences of Type 1 DM are mainly high in
Finland and Sardinia
(2)
TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS:
This type of Diabetes is also known as Adult onset Diabetes. Non-insulin dependent Diabetes
Mellitus (NIDDM), Maturity onset diabetes.
It is more common and constituents 80-90% of all cases of diabetes. It usually occurs in adults
over 40 years of age. But now a day few cases are observed in teen years also. Many people
with Type 2 diabetes do not known they have it, although it is a serious condition. Generally,
when the diagnosis is made, patient is asymptomatic. Routine urine or blood test shows the
presence of high glucose levels in the blood or urine. The onset of symptoms in type 2 are
slow and does not progresses rapidly.
The main cause of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is insufficient Insulin secretion by Beta Cells due
to their destruction. Due to lack of insulin, there is raised blood sugar level and finally
diabetes” type 2 diabetes mellitus also occur due to development of Insulin Resistance where
the cells of the body mainly fat and muscle cells does not accept the insulin. The liver of such
patients also produces glucose through a process called gluconeogenesis, which further
worsens the controlling of glucose level.
Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent because of faulty eating habit, increasing obesity end
failure to exercise. There is a direct relationship between the degree of obesity and the risk of
developing type 2 diabetes. The chance to become 2 diabetes doubles for every 20% increase
form normal body weight. Heredity and Genetic factors play a major role in development of
Type-2 Diabetes.
In Europe and North America about 80% of all diabetes have Type-2 Diabetes have Type 2
Diabetes mellitus.
TYPE 2 IN DETAILS:
Out of the different types of diabetes mellitus, the diabetes mellitus type 2 is the less
dangerous one. It is also the more common type, constituting about 80 to 90% of the total
diabetes cases in the world. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is easier to cure than the type 1 and
another plus point is that diabetes mellitus type 2 patients respond much better to oral
medication than diabetes mellitus type 1.
What is Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
Diabetes mellitus type 2 is popularly known as non insulin-dependent diabetes or adult onset
diabetes. This is a condition in which the blood is incapable to utilize glucose efficiently, due
to which its amount builds up in the blood. The urine of the person contains a large amount
of glucose, which is the characteristic symptom of diabetes mellitus.
Unlike diabetes mellitus type 1, the type 2 develops quite gradually and is very difficult to
diagnose in its earlier stages. It may or may not show the typical diabetic symptoms, which
could quite easily be confused for some other ailment.
Causes of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
Diabetes mellitus type 2 is not an autoimmune disease like the type 1. In this type of diabetes
mellitus, the body is not attacking itself. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is caused due to
malfunctioning of the pancreas, which is incapable of producing the required volume of
insulin. The pancreas does produce some insulin, but it is insufficient to meet the total
requirements of the body in utilizing glucose.
Another important cause of diabetes mellitus type 2 is not related to the pancreas at all. In
some persons, the cells of the muscles and the tissues may become resistant to insulin, due
to which they will not be able to assimilate glucose properly. In both of the above cases, the
glucose remains in the blood and gives rise to diabetes mellitus type 2.
Obesity is a prime precipitating factor for the disease. In people who are overweight, the
sensitivity of the receptor cells to insulin decreases. This leads to glucose retention, and
hence, diabetes mellitus type 2.
The Onset of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
Currently, the etiology, i.e. origin of diabetes mellitus type 2 is not known. It is not known
how this form of diabetes takes root. Some factors are strongly indicated, such as genetic
defects, resistance to drugs, trauma and surgery and other patho-physiological problems.
But, scientists classify such diabetes mellitus cases as secondary diabetes mellitus and are yet
unable to pinpoint a particular source of origin of diabetes mellitus type 2.
Special Features of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
There are some special features of diabetes mellitus type 2 which makes it a unique form of
the disease. The following are the more obvious distinguishing features of the disease:* Diabetes mellitus type 2 is found in the adult population, especially those who have excess
weight problems.
* Diabetes mellitus type 2 is not due to a total absence of insulin; on the other hand, it occurs
because the pancreas is not able to utilize the insulin. So, it is a functional disorder rather
than a deficiency.
* Since the pancreas is capable of producing insulin, it is easier to increase its concentration in
the body. Consequently, diabetes mellitus type 2 is easier to treat and it responds well to oral
medication.
* Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a hereditary problem. If there is a close relative having the
diseases, then the vulnerability is high. The vulnerability is higher with close relatives and risk
decreases as the relations become more and more distant.
The Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
Diabetes mellitus type 2 is the commonest form of diabetes affecting the human population.
If a person above the age of 20 years develops diabetes mellitus, then there are 90 to 95%
chances that it is a case of diabetes mellitus type 2.
Non-insulin deficient diabetes is found to occur more in overweight people. Almost all
patients of diabetes mellitus type 2 have problems of obesity. It is also found that diabetes
mellitus type 2 is more common with people who have eating problems. People who eat at
irregular times, eat unhygienic food or junk food, eat voraciously, etc. have much higher
chances of getting this type of diabetes. This is very much compounded if the person is also
leading a sedentary lifestyle. People who lead an active life will never become victims of
diabetes mellitus type 2.
Conventional Treatment Methods of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
The treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 includes the injections of insulin as well as the use
of antibiotics.
The first step is to chalk out a weight loss and a glucose-level monitoring program. A strict
dietary regimen is developed which intends to bring down the glucose level at an optimal
level and then to maintain it at that point. Weight loss is necessary to reduce obesity and to
stimulate the cells of the muscles and tissues to utilize insulin in a better way.
Antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients of diabetes mellitus type 2 are sulfonylureas,
biguanides, thiazolidinediones, meglitinides and a-glucosidase inhibitors. Insulin therapy is
used only if the antibiotics fail to show any results.
But the most important aspect in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 is to enrich the
overall quality of the person’s life. Several changes in lifestyle are necessary, such as leading
an active life, eating a healthy diet and keeping oneself free of mental stress.
(3)
GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS-GDM:
Gestational Diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance, with the
onset of pregnancy. Women who develop Type –1 diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and
women with undiagnosed a symptomatic type –2 diabetes mellitus that is discovered
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Women with diabetes mellitus before pregnancy are said to
have “Pregestational Diabetes”. Many women who have developed gestational diabetes may
have controlled glucose level during the first half of the pregnancy and develop insulin
deficiency during the latter half of the pregnancy, leading to hyper-glycaemia.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is a complication in approximately 4% of all pregnancies in the
United States. Mother with Gestational diabetes mellitus have increased rate of caesarian
delivery and chronic hypertension “High blood Glucose levels in early pregnancy may deprive
the embryo of oxygen and lead to Birth Defects, especially of the heart and spinal cord.
Maintaining blood glucose control continues to be important throughout the pregnancy, but
it is particularly important during the first eight weeks, when an embryo’s organs are farming.
(4)
OTHER TYPES DIABETES:
Diabetes mellitus is a very commonly known disease. Almost everyone around is aware that
this disease is caused due to the presence of excess glucose in the blood due to the
incapability of the pancreas to produce insulin. The two most famously known types of
diabetes mellitus are the diabetes mellitus type 1, which is also known as insulin-dependent
diabetes, and the diabetes mellitus type 2, which is also known as non insulin-dependent
diabetes. However, some more kinds of diabetes caused due to various other reasons.
This article elucidates those lesser-known forms of diabetes mellitus. The list given below is
actually a list of diabetes mellitus conditions that are caused in varying conditions of the
body. Their symptoms and even treatment methods may be alike, but they differ in their
causes.
Gestational Diabetes
Gestational diabetes is caused in women undergoing pregnancy. It is brought on by hormonal
changes that occur in the bodies of women owing to prenatal conditions. Insulin secreted by
the pancreas is also a hormone. An increase in the other hormones may cause a decrease in
the production of insulin, which may lead to gestational diabetes.
Gestational diabetes is mostly temporary and a self-treating type of diabetes mellitus. It
occurs when the woman is in her second half of pregnancy, especially in the third trimester,
and continues up to childbirth. Once the birth has taken place, the symptoms of gestational
diabetes reduce, and the condition automatically gets cured.
Almost all pregnant women are screened for conditions of gestational diabetes so that the
condition can be detected early and precautions may be taken to prevent complications in
both the woman as well as the baby. Attempts are made at controlling blood sugar level
through medication and through diet.
Gestational diabetes is not very common. It affects only about 2 to 5% of all pregnant
women.
Malnutrition Related Diabetes Mellitus
This is a comparatively recently classified form of diabetes mellitus. It is a form of diabetes
mellitus caused due to a severe malnutrition. It is rampant in underdeveloped and developing
countries like South Asian and African countries. Several people from such countries are
lacking in the requisite nutrition due to poverty or ignorance about food.
Insulin is required to break down carbohydrates, especially glucose, from the food that we
consume. But if the person is starving, then there is nothing that the insulin can act upon. In a
way, the insulin produced by the body is ‘wasted’. The human body has a mechanism called
as feedback control in which it understands what hormones are not being used, and it slowly
declines their production. Due to the non-utilization of insulin, the body slowly reduces its
production. As a result, malnutrition related diabetes mellitus sets in over time.
Malnutrition related diabetes mellitus can be treated with injections of insulin. There is no
complete cure, but with a proper diet and insulin supplementation, the situation can be
controlled to a healthy limit.
Diabetes Mellitus due to Hormonal Imbalances
Hormonal changes are one of the prime causes of diabetes mellitus of any form. This is
because insulin itself is a hormone, and an increase in any other hormone will directly reduce
the quantity of production of insulin. Some hormones directly affect the amount of insulin in
the blood. Examples of such insulin-retarding hormones are growth hormones, thyroid
hormones, pancreatic hormone glucagons, etc.
In the presence of interfering hormones, insulin’s functions are affected and diabetes mellitus
sets in. However, the symptoms of diabetes mellitus related to hormonal imbalances are
strictly personal and so the same techniques of treatment cannot be applied to each patient.
Pancreas Related Diabetes Mellitus
Pancreas is the root organ where diabetes mellitus originates. The insulin hormone required
for the regulation of blood sugar levels is produced in the beta cells of the islets of
Langerhans of the pancreas. Hence, any abnormality with the pancreas will tamper with the
production of insulin, and hence, the proper utilization of sugar from the blood. The result
will be diabetes mellitus.
There are many problems with the pancreas causing diabetes mellitus. Pancreas related
diabetes mellitus can be caused due to infections of the pancreas, tumors in or around the
pancreatic region, obstructions due to any foreign entities between the pancreas and the
other organs, removal of pancreas for some reason, etc.
Pancreas related diabetes mellitus is not dependent on age. It is also not influenced by the
ordinary diabetes mellitus triggering conditions such as diet, lifestyle, age, heredity, etc.
Liver Related Diabetes Mellitus
It has been found recently that liver complications can also lead to diabetes mellitus, quite
akin to pancreas problems. The symptoms and treatment patterns of liver related and
pancreas related diabetes mellitus run on similar lines.
Diabetes Mellitus due to External Factors
A type of diabetes mellitus can develop in people who are used to taking certain kinds of
antibiotics. Toxins consumed, knowingly or unknowingly, can destroy the capacity of the
pancreas in producing insulin. This results in the formation of diabetes mellitus.
To diagnose GDM, a 50 gm glucose-screening test should be performed at 24-28 weeks of
gestation known as Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT). By them, the placenta begins to make the
hormones that lead to insulin resistance. The screening test measures the blood sugar
response to glucose consumed in a drink. Untreated gestational diabetes can lead to
problems for both the mother and the child. It can lead to Fat baby syndrome or
Microsomatia, in which the baby’s body produces extra fat.