Download FX SG PHYSIO _14

HONORS PHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW—FALL 2014—MR. U-T
USE BOTH YOUR CLASS MATERIALS (NOTES, WORK SHEETS, &C.) AND YOUR TEXT FOR REVIEW.
TERSMS/CONCEPTS GUIDE
OVERVIEW OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY—CH1,
PP1—18
levels of structural organization
 molecular cellular tissue organ
organ system multicellular organism
(individual)
anatomic position/location
 SAP
 superior—inferior
 cranial—caudal
 dorsal—ventral
 posterior—anterior
 superficial—deep
 medial—intermediate—lateral
 proximal—distal
planes & sections
 sagittal, midsagittal
 frontal/coronal
 transverse/cross/horizontal
regional terms
 axial—appendicular
 cephalic
 cervical
 thorax/thoracic
 abdomen/abdominal
 pelvic
 inguinal/groin
 dorsum/back
 vertebral
 lumbar
 gluteal
 acromial
 axilla/axillary
 scapular
 upper extremity: arm/brachium,
forearm/antebrachium, wrist,/carpal, hand
 lower extremity: thigh, leg, foot,
ankle/tarsal, heel/calcaneal
body cavities
 dorsal: cranial, vertebral

ventral: thoracic, abdominopelvic
{=abdominal + pelvic}
organ systems, their functions major organs &
their functions
 integumentary
 skeletal
 muscular
 respiratory
 circulatory
 lymphatic/immune
 excretory/urinary
 digestive
 endocrine
 nervous
 reproductive
homeostasis
 feedback: negative vs. positive & examples
BASIC & BIOCHEMISTRY—CH2, PP24—26; 31—38;
40—57
 CHNOPS
 chemical bond energy
 bonds: covalent (nonpolar & polar)
vs. ionic
 hydrogen bonds
 water properties important to life
 ions/electrolytes
 acids, bases, & pH
 H+ ions (protons)
 buffers; bicarbonate ion
 compositions, structures, functions, &
examples of organic compounds/
macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, nucleic acids
 enzymes & activation energy
 ATP—adenosine triphosphate
 ATP  ADP + phosphate ion + energy for
cell work
CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION—CH3, PP64—97
plasma (cell) membrane
 phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol,
membrane proteins


microvilli
trans-membrane transport:
o passive—simple diffusion, osmosis,
facilitated diffusion, aquaporins, &
examples
o active—cotransport/symports &
examples, counter transport/antiports & examples
sodium—potassium (Na+—K+)
pump: PINK
endocytosis & exocytosis
cytoplasm
organelles: recognize structure & know functions
 mitochondria, lysosomes, rough & smooth
endoplasmic reticulum (rER, sER),
ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes,
peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, cilia, flagellum,
nucleus
 nuclear envelope, chromatin/
chromosomes, nucleolus/—Ii
cell division
 mitosis vs. meiosis
TISSUES—CH4, PP117—141, 145
defined according to common origin, structure &
function
epithelial tissues
 avascular
 enervated (nerves present)
 apical & basal surfaces, basement
membrane
 classification
o number of layers: simple vs.
complex
o cell shape: squamous, cuboidal,
columnar
o special features: ciliated,
keratinized, microvilli
 glandular/secretory
o exocrine: ducts, secretion onto a
surface
o endocrine: ductless, secretion of
hormones into extracellular
fluid/absorption into blood stream
connective tissues
 origin: embryonic mesoderm
 may be vascularized or avascular; enervated
or lack nerves

cells, ground substance, & fibers (note—
ground substance + fibers + matrix