Download Cell and Human Body and Chemistry SC PASS Notes

Cells & Heredity SC PASS Review Material
Cell
Organelle Functions
Organelle Similarities &
Differences
Bacteria & Protists
Cellular Processes
Genetics
Punnett Square
Inherited Traits Vs.
Acquired Traits
smallest unit of life that conducts life functions; organelles (parts) cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane, vacuole,
chloroplasts**, mitochondria, cell wall** (**found only in plant cells); many organelles too small to be seen without
aid of microscope; cells vary in size and shape
chloroplast – has chlorophyll & does photosynthesis; vacuole - storage center (water & waste); cytoplasm - holds other
organelles; cell membrane - controls what enters and leaves the cell (diffusion – movement of particles or water across
membrane from area of high concentration to low concentration & osmosis – diffusion of water across membrane); cell
wall – gives support and shape to cell & made mostly of cellulose; nucleus – has DNA & control center;
mitochondria/powerhouse – makes energy & does respiration
Similar - plant and animal have cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, and vacuoles
Different – plants have cell wall and chloroplasts; plant cells usually have one or more large vacuole(s), while animal
cells have smaller vacuoles, if any are present
Bacteria – Moneran Kingdom; single celled organism classified by body shapes; (spiral – corkscrew, bacillus – rod,
coccus – round)
Protists – Protista Kingdom; single celled & live in moist areas; classified by movement & way obtain food; euglena –
move by pulling w/flagella (whiplike) & have chloroplast, paramecium – move by beating cilia (hair-like oars) & uses
cilia to direct food to its mouth; amoeba – move w/pseudopods (false foot) & use pseudopods to trap food
Photosynthesis – occurs in chloroplasts; plants use sunlight to combine (CO2) & (H2O) to make (C6H12O6) & release
(O2)
Respiration – occurs in mitochondria; plants & animals breakdown (C6H12O6) & (O2) into (CO2) & (H2O) & release
energy; use to build, repair & reproduce cells
Waste elimination – get rid of harmful waste; waste moves from high concentration to low concentration
Mitosis – occurs in nucleus; cell reproduction; makes exact copy of cell; produces 2 identical daughter cells (look like
parent cell) from 1 parent cell; use for growth, replacement, & asexual reproduction
Genetic information (DNA) is passed from parent to offspring causing offspring to have similar traits as the parents;
sex cells (egg & sperm) have ½ o/DNA; Heredity/inheritance – passing of traits from one generation to next
Chromosomes – structure in nucleus that contains DNA
Genes – segment of DNA that determines inherited trait; responsible for inherited characteristics that distinguish one
individual from another; come in pairs (or two alleles); genes are expressed by genotype – set of genes carried by
organism, phenotype – physical expression o/gene
Inherited Traits – characteristics passed from parent to offspring (eye color, eye shape, etc); dominant traits - always be
expressed in the phenotype. Alleles for dominant traits are represented by capital letters; recessive traits – only
expressed in the phenotype if two recessive alleles are present. Alleles for recessive traits are represented by lowercase
letters
Used determine the possibilities of the combinations of alleles that the offspring may receive; tool used to predict the
ratio or percentage of the possible genes that an offspring will have based on the genes of the parent; alleles for one
parent are placed at the top and the alleles of the other parent are placed on the left; individual squares show the
possibilities of allele pairs in the offspring; purebred genotype- two alleles are the same (TT or tt); hybrid genotype two alleles are different (Tt); monohybrid cross- cross that shows the inheritance of a single characteristic; It is
sometimes difficult to predict certain traits in humans (for example hair color or eye color) because there may be
several different genes that control these traits.
Inherited trait- genetically determined characteristic that distinguishes one organism from another organism ( some
dominant & some recessive & some neither); ex inherited trait in plants – color of flowers; ex. Inherited trait in
animals – eye color
Acquired trait – influenced by environmental factors (temperature, nutrients, injuries, disease, exposure to sun, living
conditions)
Human Body SC PASS Review Material
Levels of Organization of
Human Body
System Major Organs
Function of Major Organs
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism; cell – basic unit of structure & function in body, ex. neuron (nerve),
blood, & bone cells; tissues – group or cells working together, ex. nerve tissue – carries impulses to & from the brain,
muscle tissue – make body parts move by contracting & shortening, epithelial tissue – covers surfaces o/body,
connective tissue – connects all parts of body and provide support (tendons (muscle to bone), ligament (bone to bone),
cartilage (flexible cushion)); organ – group of two or more tissues, ex. heart; organ system (system) – group of organs
working together (CRIS DEERMIN) circulatory, respiratory, integumentary (skin), skeletal, digestive, excretory,
endocrine, reproductive, muscular, immune, & nervous
Circulatory – heart, blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins); Respiratory – nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm;
Digestive - mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum, anus (2 ndary – liver, gallbladder,
pancreas); Excretory – kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra; Nervous – brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves; Muscular –
skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscles; Skeletal – bones; Integumentary - skin
Heart – causes blood to flow through body by its pumping action
Blood vessels – tubes that carry blood through out entire body (Artery – carries blood with oxygen & nutrients to all
parts of body, Veins – carries waste products from all parts of body back to heart, Capillaries – small vessels where
oxygen & nutrients leave the blood to go into cells & carbon dioxide & other waste products enter blood from cells)
Nose – collects air from the environment & moistens & heats the air before it enters trachea
Trachea – windpipe; moves air from nose to lungs
Bronchi – tubes that move air from trachea to lungs
Human Body SC PASS Review Material Continued
Function of Major Organs
Cont’d
Relationships of Major
Systems
Diseases
Lungs - main organs where gases are exchanged between air & blood (Alveoli – in lungs where gas exchange takes
place)
Diaphragm – muscle that aids in breathing
Mouth – breaks down food into smaller pieces (Mechanical Digestion – process of chewing, Chemical Digestion –
started by saliva in mouth)
Esophagus – transport tube; carries chewed food to stomach
Stomach – continues mechanical digestion; secretes gastric juices that continue chemical digestion started in mouth
Small intestines – organ where most of the chemical digestion of food takes place; absorbs nutrients
Large intestines – organ that absorbs water from food taken into bloodstream; prepares undigested food for elimination
Rectum – short tube that stores solid waste
Anus – eliminates solid waste
Liver – organ that produces bile (Bile – breaks up fat particles)
Gallbladder – organ that stores bile
Pancreas – organ that produces digestive juices that break down food in small intestine
kidneys – get rid of urea (excess water) & other waste materials released by cells – eliminated as urine
Ureters – tubes that connect each kidney to bladder
Bladder – saclike muscular organ; stores urine until released
Urethra – tube which urine passes before removed from body
Brain – control & coordinates activities of body
Spinal cord – bundle of nerves from brain to center of back vertebrae; connects to peripheral nerves
Peripheral nerves – branch out from spinal cord and connect to rest of body; transmit signal to & from brain
Skeletal muscles – voluntary muscle attached to bones; provide force need to move bones
Smooth muscles – involuntary muscles control many types of movement in body
Cardiac muscles – involuntary muscle that form the heart
Bones – provide shape and support for body; protects many organs and structures; produce blood cells; store minerals
(Joints – where two bones meet)
Skin- covers body; prevents loss of water; protect from infection & injury; regulates body temperature; get rid of waste
(sweat), receive information from environment; makes vitamin D
All body systems are dependent upon the circulatory system to transport materials; circulatory system works with the
excretory system to help remove wastes from the
Body; respiratory system works with the circulatory system to make sure that oxygen (O2) reaches the bloodstream
and carbon dioxide (CO2) is removed from the bloodstream; digestive system works with the circulatory system to
make sure that nutrients made available by digestion (for example glucose) get to the cells of the body; nervous system
works with the muscular and skeletal systems to direct behavior and
Movement; nervous system controls internal processes in the body (for example digestion and circulation); Muscles
control the movement of materials through some organs (for example the stomach, intestines, and the heart); muscular
and skeletal systems work together to help the body move.
Disease - condition that does not allow the body to function normally; affects organs or organ systems; either
infectious or noninfectious
Infectious disease – caused by pathogens (bacteria, virus, protist, fungus) from contaminated area, another person,
animal bite, or environment; pathogens damage single cell or attack the entire system; ex. cold, flu, athlete’s foot,
AIDS, strep throat, tetanus, pneumonia, malaria
Cold – caused by virus infecting respiratory system; multiples and attacks mucous membranes of nose & throat
causing side effects of sore throat, runny nose, & fever
Flu – caused by viral infection of respiratory system; causes fever, muscle aches, severe cough, & lasts longer than
cold
Athlete’s foot – caused by fugal infection of skin on feet; obtained from public environment; grows in warm, moist
areas between toes; can be difficult to cure
AIDS - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); attacks
cells of immune system making organism unable to fight off pathogens
Strep throat – caused by bacterial infection; side effects (mild or severe) are fever, pain, redness, & swelling of throat
and tonsils
tetanus (caused by bacteria), pneumonia (caused by a virus or bacteria), or malaria (caused by a protist spread by
mosquitoes)
Noninfectious disease - caused by malfunctions in body systems that are either inherited or caused by environmental
factors; ex. diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, skin cancer, asthma, allergies, arthritis, heart disease, & multiple sclerosis
Diabetes – caused by inability to produce or use insulin properly; causes high glucose level in blood; can lead to
kidney disease, cause vision problems, or heart disease
Parkinson’s Disease – affects cells in nervous system causing them to stop affecting muscular system; symptoms are
serve shaking (tremors) & disabilities involving movement; no cure
Skin Cancer – damages outer layer skin cells; caused by damaging ultraviolet rays (UV) from the sun or tanning beds
& heredity
Asthma – affects lungs and airways that deliver air to lungs; cause periodic attacks of wheezing and difficulty
breathing when airways inflame due to dust, mold, pets, exercise, or cold weather
Chemistry SC PASS Review Material
Atoms
Classification of Matter
Physical Properties of
Metals & Nonmetals
Periodic Table
Chemical Symbols &
Chemical Formulas
Acids & Bases
Reactants & Products
Balanced Equations
Physical & Chemical
Properties of Matter
Physical & Chemical
Changes of Matter
Smallest unit of matter (too small to be seen with classroom microscope); smaller part of element & has its properties;
it has mass and takes up space
states of matter – solid, liquid. gas; classified by composition as pure substance of mixture; pure substances are
elements (made of one kind of atom that can’t be broken down) or compounds (two or more chemically combined
elements that can be broken down to elements by chemical changes; molecule – 2 or more atoms combined; mixtures
are made up of two or more different substances physically combined that can be separated by filtering, sifting, &
evaporating; mixture types are homogeneous/solution (uniformed/can not see different parts) & heterogeneous
(uniformed/can see different parts)
Metal Properties: luster – shiny or reflects light brightly, conductor – heat & electricity easily move through,
malleable/bendable – can be hammered into shapes, ductile – can be made into wire, high density – heavy for its size
Nonmetal Properties: Dull – not shiny, Nonconductors – heat & electricity do not move through easily , Brittle – break
or shatter easy (solids)
Organizes elements; arranges elements by atomic number; period – horizontal row; group/family – vertical columns
numbered 1-18 and have similar properties; each element has square with atomic number, atomic mass, element name
& symbol; zigzag line on left side of periodic separate metals (left of line) from nonmetals (right of line); metal ex.
Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe), and Aluminum (Al); majority of elements are metals; nonmetal ex. Chlorine
(Cl), Oxygen (O), Sulfur (S), and Iodine (I)
Chemical symbols – show atoms composing the element; written w/one, two, or three letters; first letter always
capitalized; elements have different symbols; common elements - Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen
(O), Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N)
Chemical formulas – made from symbols composing substance; subscript – show how many of each kind of atom in
compound (written to lower right of element symbol); no subscript written means only one atom of that element is
present; table salt (NaCl), water (H2O), simple sugar (C6H12O6), oxygen gas (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and
nitrogen gas (N2); coefficient – shows # o/ molecules & comes before chemical formula
substances can be classified as acids, bases or neutral based on their pH; acids and bases are solutions usually with
water as the solvent
pH- measures how basic or acidic a solution is; scale range of 0-14; pH of neutral is 7 (pure H2O); acid range 0-6; base
range 8-14
Acid – taste sour; react with some metals; react with base to form neutral
Base – taste bitter; feel slippery; react with acid to form neutral
Indicators- used to determine whether solution is acidic, basic, or neutral; litmus paper – has special dye that changes
colors in presence of acid or base, blue litmus paper turns red in presence of acid, violet in presence of neutral, & stays
blue in presence of base, red litmus paper turns blue in presence of base, violet in presence of neutral, & stays red in
presence of acid; Phenolphthalein – liquid test presence of base by turning magenta (bright pink) & stays colorless in
presence of acid or neutral; pH paper - range of colors (compared to the chart on the vial to determine the pH)
depending on the pH of the solution
Chemical reaction – when a substance is broken apart or when substances are combined and at least one new substance
is formed
Chemical equation - used to represent a chemical reaction that has occurred; contains chemical names or chemical
formulas of the substances involved in reaction; an arrow (means yields or makes) is used to distinguish between the
substances that are broken apart or combined from the substances that are formed in the reaction
Reactant – left side of arrow; substances broken apart or combined ex. 2H2 + O2 in equation below
Product – right side of arrow; new substance formed ex. 2H2O in equation below
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
amount of matter does not change during a chemical reaction, only that the atoms are rearranged to form new
substances
law of conservation of matter - states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed, but can be changed in form;
total mass of the material(s) before reaction is the same as total mass of material(s) after the reaction
balanced chemical equation - has the same number of each kind of atom on the reactant side as on the product side;
determined by multiplying number in front of the chemical formula in the equation (coefficient) by the number written
below the symbol for the element(s) (subscript) in the formula; if no coefficient then its understood to be 1; # of each
kind of atom must match on the left side and the right of equation arrow
Physical properties –use to ID substance; can be observed and measured without changing the substance (melting
point, boiling point, density, & color); melting point – temp solid changes to liquid (unchanging under constant
conditions), melting point of ice 00C (32oF); boiling point – temp liquid boils (liquid to gas), begins when the liquid
starts to form bubbles throughout, which grow larger, rise to the surface, and burst, boiling point of water at sea level
1000C (212oF); density – relationship between mass & volume of object, denser objects have more matter, stays same
no matter how large or small the sample substance is; color – not significant indicator, absence of color is physical
property as well
Chemical properties – used to ID substance; recognized when substance react or not react chemically w/another
substance (ability to burn & rust); ability to burn – substance reacts quickly with oxygen to produce light & heat
(burning); ability to rust – substance reacts slowly with oxygen (rusting)
Physical change – changes physical properties of substance (change in state of mater, size & shape); Change in state of
matter - when a substance changes directly from a gas to a solid (the forming of frost from water vapor) or from a solid
to a gas (dry ice, solid air fresheners) that change of state is called sublimation
Chemical change – forms one or more new substances with new chemical & physical properties (color or temperature
change, formation of gas or precipitate (solid))