Download Slide 3.1

Slide 3.1
The four basic
premises of Darwin’s theory
1. The world’s animal and plant communities are dynamic, not static: they
change over time with new forms originating and others becoming
extinct.
2. The evolutionary process is gradual and continuous. New species arise
through slow and steady environmental changes that gradually ‘perfect’
each species to its surroundings. When sudden and dramatic changes
occur in the environment, a species’ ability to adapt is usually
challenged. Some species adapt and live; others become extinct.
3. All organisms descended from an original and common ancestor. Over
time, the process of natural selection has created different species,
each specifically adapted to its ecological niche.
4. Natural selection not only causes changes within populations during
changing environmental conditions but also acts to maintain the status
quo under relatively constant environmental conditions.
Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006
Slide 3.2
Major milestones in human evolution
Source: Adapted from Lewin, R., Human Evolution: An illustrated introduction. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Scientific
Publications, Inc., 1984.
Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006
Slide 3.3
The genetic determination of sex
Source: CNRI Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers Inc.
Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006
Slide 3.4
Patterns of inheritance for eye colour (a)
Source: Adapted from Klug, W.S. and Cummings, M.R., Concepts of Genetics (2nd edition). Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman,
1986. © 1986 Scott, Foresman & Co. Reprinted by permission of Addison Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc.
Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006
Slide 3.5
Patterns of inheritance for eye colour (b)
Source: Adapted from Klug, W.S. and Cummings, M.R., Concepts of Genetics (2nd edition). Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman,
1986. © 1986 Scott, Foresman & Co. Reprinted by permission of Addison Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc.
Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006
Slide 3.6
Patterns of inheritance for eye colour (c)
Source: Adapted from Klug, W.S. and Cummings, M.R., Concepts of Genetics (2nd edition). Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman,
1986. © 1986 Scott, Foresman & Co. Reprinted by permission of Addison Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc.
Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006
Slide 3.7
Concordance rates between MZ and
DZ twins for various traits
Source: Klug, W.S. and Cummings, M.R., Concepts of Genetics (2nd edition). Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1986.
Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006
Slide 3.8
Concordance rates between MZ and
DZ twins for (a) attitudes and (b)
personalities
Source: Adapted from Olson, J.M., Vernon, P.A., Harris, J.A., and Jang, K.L. The heritability of attitudes: A study of twins.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2001, 80(6) 845–860, copyright 2001 by the American Psychological
Association, reprinted with permission.
Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006
Slide 3.9
Concordance rates between MZ and
DZ twins for (a) attitudes and (b)
personalities (continued)
Source: Adapted from Olson, J.M., Vernon, P.A., Harris, J.A., and Jang, K.L. The heritability of attitudes: A study of twins.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2001, 80(6) 845–860, copyright 2001 by the American Psychological
Association, reprinted with permission.
Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006
Slide 3.10
Reproductive strategies
Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006
Slide 3.11
Waist-to-hip ratio and physical attraction
Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006
Attractiveness ratings of men against
(a) waist-to-chest ratio and (b) body mass index
Slide 3.12
Source: Maisey, D.S., Vale, E.L.E., Cornelissen, P.L. and Tovee, M.J., Characteristics of male attractiveness for women. The
Lancet, 1999, 353, 1500, reprinted with permission from Elsevier.
Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006
Slide 3.13
Infidelity
Source: Harris, C.R., Sexual and romantic jealousy in heterosexual and homosexual adults. Psychological Science, 2002,
13(1), 7–12, reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Carlson, Martin and Buskist, Psychology, 2nd European edition © Pearson Education Limited 2006