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LAN 402 BEGINNING
GREEK II
Class VI: Adjectival Participles; Perfect Participle
and Genitive Absolute
Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute
1.1 Adjectival Participle
 1.1.1 English
 Participles
 Modify


can do what adjectives do
nouns & used substantivally
The man eating by the window is my Greek teacher
The living have hope
 Greek
adjectival participle works in similar manner
Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute

Greek Adjectival Participle – basics
 Attributive


or substantive use [not predicate]
key words “while”, “after”, “because” not used
Review of Greek Adjective
 See
next slide (details on Class III or ch. 9 [p. 64ff.])
Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute
1.1.2 Summary of Adjectives
Adjective
Gk. construction
Translations
Attributive position
ὁ ἀγαθὸς λόγος
The good word
OR
[Predicate position
ὁ λόγος ὁ ἀγαθὸς
ὁ λόγος ἀγαθός
The word (is) good]
OR
Substantive position
ἀγαθὸς ὁ λόγος
ἡ ἀγαθή OR
ὁ
ἀγαθός
The good (woman)
The good (man)
Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute
1.1.3 Adjectival Participle in Greek
 Attributive
participle
 Modifies
a noun/pronoun
 Agree w/ the word in case, number, gender
 Translate “-ing” or relative clause e.g. “one who is…”
ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ λέγων τῷ ὀχλῷ ἐστὶν ὁ διδάσκαλος μου.
The man speaking to the crowd is my teacher
 Substantival
 Functions
participle
as a noun
 Translate idiomatically – often w/ relative clause
ὁ τῷ ὀχλῷ λέγων ἐστὶν ὁ διδάσκαλος μου
The one who is speaking to the crowd is my teacher
Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς
Pray for those persecuting you
 The case: determined by the function in the sentence
 Number/gender: what/who part. is representing
1.1.4 Additional Considerations in Translation
 Idiomatic
 Use
translation
common sense
 Use context as a guide
 If participle is singular use “one”, “he/she”, “that”
 If participle plural use “they”, “those”
Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute
 Some
examples:
τῷ θέλοντι σοι κριθῆναι καὶ τὸν χιτῶνα σου λαβεῖν, ἄφες αὐτῷ καὶ
τὸ ἱμάτιον
To the one wishing to sue you to take your tunic, let him have
your cloak as well (Matt 5:40)
μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες, ὅτι αὐτοὶ παρακληθήσονται
Blessed are they who mourn, for they will be comforted
 See
more examples on p. 271
 NOTE: the significance of aspect lessened in attributive
participle and even more so in substantival participle
Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute
1.1.5 Adjectival or Adverbial Participle?
1. What word is the participle modifying, if any?
2. Adverbial [anarthrous]
Adjectival [articular]
3.
4. Modifying
Attributive
Modifying
Substantive
Functioning
[while, after]
[who, which]
[the one who]
5. Aspect
6. Voice
7. Meaning
(present: continuous)
(aorist: undefined)
(active, middle, passive)
(definition of the word)
Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute
1.2 Advanced Info – Translating aspect and time
 Relative
time significance of attributive & adjective pt.
 Attributive participle and relative clause:
ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ λέγων τῷ ὀχλῷ ἐστὶν ὁ διδάσκαλός μου.
The man who is speaking to the crowd is my teacher
ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ εἰπὼν τῷ ὀχλῷ ἐστὶν ὁ διδάσκαλός μου.
The man who spoke to the crowd is my teacher
ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ λέγων τῷ ὀχλῷ ἦν ὁ διδάσκαλός μου.
The man who was speaking to the crowd was my teacher
ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ εἰπὼν τῷ ὀχλῷ ἦν ὁ διδάσκαλός μου.
The man who had spoken to the crowd was my teacher
Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute

Practice:
 Parsing

and warn-up on p. 115
Homework:
 See
slide no:18
Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute
2.1 Perfect Participle
 Greek
– formed of pf. stem (act or mid./pass.)
 Completed
 Translation
 E.g.
action w/ present consequences
– “after having…” + past pf. of the verb
“after having eaten…”
 Retained reduplication when applicable
 Very few 2nd perfect participle (see list on p. 284)
Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute

Formation & paradigm of perfect participle (act.)
Reduplication+ pf. stem+ tense formative (κ)+ pt. morpheme
(οτ)+ case endings
λε+ λυ+ κ+ οτ+ ες  λελυκότες
Masc. (3)
Fem (1)
Neut. (3)
Nom. Sg.
λελυκώς
λελυκυῖα
λελυκός
Gen. sg.
λελυκότος
λελυκυίας
λελυκότος
Dat. Sg.
λελυκότι
λελυκυίᾳ
λελυκότι
Acc. Sg.
λελυκότα
λελυκυῖαν
λελυκός
Nom. Pl.
λελυκότες
λελυκυῖαι
λελυκότα
Gen. pl.
λελυκότων
λελυκυιῶν
λελυκότων
Dat. Pl.
λελυκόσι(ν)
λελυκυίαις
λελυκόσι(ν)
Acc. Pl.
λελυκότας
λελυκυίας
λελυκότα
Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute

Formation and paradigm of pf. participle (mid/pas)
Reduplication+ pf. stem+ pt. morpheme (μεν)+ case endings
λε+ λυ+ μενο+ ι  λελυμένοι
Masc. (1)
Fem (1)
Neut. (1)
Nom. Sg.
λελυμένος
λελυμένη
λελυμένον
Gen. sg.
λελυμένου
λελυμένης
λελυμένου
Dat. Sg.
λελυμένῳ
λελυμένῃ
λελυμένῳ
Acc. Sg.
λελυμένον
λελυμένην
λελυμένον
Nom. Pl.
λελυμένοι
λελυμέναι
λελυμένα
Gen. pl.
λελυμένων
λελυμένων
λελυμένων
Dat. Pl.
λελυμένοις
λελυμέναις
λελυμένοις
Acc. Pl.
λελυμένους
λελυμένας
λελυμένα
Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute
2.2 Genitive Absolute
 Grammatical
construction that is “isolated” from the
rest of the sentence [cf. English nom. absolute]
 Noun/pronoun
and a participle in genitive are not
grammatically connected to the rest of the sentence
καὶ εὐθὺς ἔτι αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος παραγίνεται Ἰούδας
And immediately, while he is still speaking, Judas comes
ἐγένετο δὲ τοῦ δαιμονίου ἐξελθόντος ἐλάλησεν ὁ κωφός
And it happened that, after the demon had gone out, the mute man spoke
Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute
 Further
considerations and tips of genitive absolute
 Participle
is always anarthrous [no article]
 αὐτοῦ often functions as the “subject” of the sentence
 Translation is idiomatic
 Starting
points for translation
 “while”
and “after” or finite verb
ταῦτα αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος αὐτοῖς, ἰδοὺ ἄρχων εἷς ἔλθὼν προσκύνει
αὐτῷ.
While he was saying these things to them, behold, a ruler came in and knelt before him
τοῦτο δὲ αὐτοῦ εἰπόντος ἐγένετο στάσις τῶν Φαρισαίων καὶ
Σαδδυκαίων
And when he had said this, a dissension arose between the Pharisees and the Sadducees
ἤδη δὲ αὐτοῦ καταβαίνοντος οἱ δοῦλοι αὐτοῦ ὑπήντησαν
αὐτῷ
Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute
2.3 Periphrastic Construction (εἰμί + participle)
 Greek
does not use “helping” verbs (cf. English)
 normally
in pl. 3 [sometimes sg.3], perfect middle/passive
 Translate it as regular formation of the tense
Periphrastic tense construction [εἰσίν/ἐστίν]
Present
Imperfect
Future
Perfect
Pluperfect
Future perfect
Present of εἰμί + present participle
Imperfect of εἰμί +present participle
Future of εἰμί + present participle
Present of εἰμί +perfect participle
Imperfect of εἰμί +perfect participle
Future of εἰμί +perfect participle
Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute
2.4 Some Alternate Translations
 In addition to “while”, “because”, “after”…
 Instrumental
participle – “by”
κοπιῶμεν ἐργαζόμενοι ταῖς ἰδίαις χερσίν
We toil by working with our [own] hands
 Consessive
participle – “though”
ὀφθαλμοὺς ἔχοντες οὐ βλέπετε
Even though you have eyes, you do not see.
 Participle
translated as regular finite verb
ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν, γέγραπται οὐκ ἐπ’ ἄρτῳ μόνῳ ζήσεται ὁ ἄνθρωπος
But he answered and said, it is written, man will not live on break alone
Adj. and Pf. Participles; Genitive Absolute

Practice:
 Parsing

and warm-up on p. 119
Homework:
 No:
p. 117 no: 7, 9; p. 121, no: 9-10