Download Corpus callosum

Week 10
Central Nervous System
The Brain
H
u
m
a
n
B
r
a
i
n
Brain
Sheep
Expanded Studies
OBJECTIVES
• Identify the components of the human
brain using models and diagrams
• Identify the cranial nerves
• Identify the structures of the sheep
brain
Objective 1:
Anatomy of the Human Brain
& Cranial Nerves
4 Major Regions of the Brain
Cerebrum
(gold area)
Diencephalon
(Violet area)
Brain stem
(green area)
Cerebellum
(pink area)
1
Cerebrum
Structures of the Cerebrum
Cerebral Hemispheres
Left Hemisphere
Right Hemisphere
Fissure
Gyrus
Sulcus
Frontal cut
Gray Matter – Cerebral cortex & Basal nuclei
White Matter – Myelinated axons (fiber tracts)
Ventricles
Cerebral Cortex
Histology - Recap
Recap:
Pyramidal Cells of Cerebral Cortex
Structures of the Cerebrum
Surface Lateral View
Central sulcus
Precentral gyrus
Postcentral gyrus
Parieto-occipital
sulcus
Parietal lobe
Frontal lobe
Occipital
lobe
Lateral sulcus
Temporal lobe
Transverse
fissure
Structures of the Cerebrum
Midsagittal Section
Corpus
callosum
Parietal lobe
Septum
pellucidum
Frontal lobe
Occipital lobe
Fornix
Temporal lobe
The Real Thing:
Human Brain, Lateral View
Central
sulcus
Gyrus
Parietal
lobe
Occipital
lobe
Transverse
Fissure
Frontal
lobe
Temporal
lobe
Lateral
sulcus
The Real Thing:
Human Brain, Superior View
Post central
gyrus
Longitudinal
fissure
Occipital
pole
Central sulcus
Pre central
gyrus
Frontal
pole
Midsagittal Section MRI
Corpus
callosum
Fornix
Septum
pellucidum
Internal Structures of the Cerebrum
Frontal Section
Corpus
callosum
Lateral
Ventricles
Septum
pellucidum
Fornix
Kim Peek, the inspiration
for the 1988 Oscar-winning
movie Rain Man
Among other things,
his MRI scan
shows an absent
corpus callosum
Read more about Kim, mega savant:
http://www.wisconsinmedicalsociety.org/savant/
kimpeek.cfm
Functional areas of the Cerebral Cortex
Functional Mapping of Pre and Post Central Gyri
Functional areas of the cerebrum
Cerebral (Basal) Nuclei
Initiate, regulate, monitor intensity of & stop movements
Maybe help in regulating attention and in cognition
Coordination
Diencephalon
2
Structures of the Diencephalon
Midsagittal Section
Intermediate
mass
Hypothalamus
Optic chiasma
Infundibulum
Pituitary gland
Mammillary body
Corpus callosum
Thalamus
Pineal body/gland
Functions of the Diencephalon
Endocrine System
Relay Stations
Thalamus
Pineal Gland
Extends from Epithalamus
Pineal = “pine cone”
Secretes melatonin
Internal composition - Function
Thalamus
Relay station of the brain
Sensation, Motor activities, Cortical arousal, Learning, Memory
Fiber tracts connecting the thalami
Internal composition - Functions
Endocrine System
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Anterior
Anterior
6
Adenohypophyseal
hormones
“The brain of the brain”
The power behind the pituitary gland
Homeostasis regulation (ANS)
Neurohormones
(Hormone storage)
Master gland of the body
Hormones released by pituitary
gland control other glands
Limbic System
olfaction, emotion, motivation, behavior, and various autonomic functions
Fornix
Mammillary Bodies
Thalamus
Infundibulum
Mammillary Body
Olfaction relay station
Brainstem
3
Structures of the Brainstem
Midsagittal Section
Midbrain:
Corpora quadrigemina
Superior colliculi
Inferior colliculi
Pons
Medulla
oblongata
Cerebral peduncle
Structures of the Brainstem
Posterolateral View
Pineal gland
Thalamus
Corpora
quadrigemina
Superior
colliculus
Inferior
colliculus
Cerebral
peduncle
Pons
Medulla
Oblongata
Midbrain
Structures of the Brainstem
Inferior View
Optic chiasma
Infundibulum
Mammilary Bodies
Midbrain
(Cerebral peduncle)
Pons
Medulla
oblongata
Spinal
cord
Functions of the Brainstem
Visual & Auditory
Reflexes
Cerebellum
4
“Little Brain”
Structures of the Cerebellum
Posterior
Connects the
two lobes
Structures of the Cerebellum
Midsagittal Section
Cerebellar Peduncles
Fourth
ventricle
Arbor
Vitae
Structures of the Cerebellum
Peduncles
3 major input and output fiber bundles
Midbrain
Cerebellum
Histology - Recap
Purkinje Cells
Functions of the Cerebellum
Cognition roles:
Attention, word association, puzzle solving,
processing language and music
Ventricles & Meninges
Meninges of the Brain
Meninges = “Membrane”
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Subarachnoid
space
A mnemonic
PAD from deep to superficial the layers of the meninges
are pia, arachnoid, dura (they pad the brain)
Dural Sinuses
Well, one of them anyway
Superior
sagittal sinus
Arachnoid villus
Periosteal layer
Meningeal layer
Superior Sagittal Sinus
Superior Sagittal Sinus
Human Meninges
(Outer Periosteum)
Superior
Sagittal
Sinuses
Pia
Mater
Dura
Mater
S
k
u
l
l
Inner layer of
Dura Mater
External layer of
Dura Mater
(Inner Periosteum)
Arachnoid Mater
Arachnoid
villi
Dura
Mater
Ventricles of the Brain
Ventricles
Coronal Section of Brain
Corpus
callosum
Lateral
ventricles
Diencephalon
Diencephalon
Third
ventricle
Die-cast model
Cerebrospinal fluid is
continually produced by
the choroid plexus
found in the ventricles
Ventricles
Midsagittal Section of Brain
Choroid
Plexus
Lateral
Ventricle
Interventricular
Foramen
Third
Ventricle
Cerebral
Aqueduct
Fourth
Ventricle
Identify these spaces:
Third
Ventricle
Fourth
Ventricle
Cerebral
Aqueduct
Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation
Superior sagittal
sinus
Arachnoid
villus
Choriod plexus
Subarachnoid
space
Lateral
ventricles
Vein
Interventricular
foramen
?
3rd
? ventricle
Cerebral
aqueduct
4th
? ventricle
?
Review of the Brain Regions & Structures
Regions
Structures
Coverings
Spaces
Cerebrum
?
Corpora
quadrigemina
callosum
Diencephalon
?
Dura
mater
(Meninges)
?
Ventricles
Cerebellum
?
Review of the Brain Regions & Structures
(Meninges)
Cerebral
cortex
Cerebrum
Ventricles
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Dura mater
12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves
Filaments of Olfactory nerve (I)
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Optic nerve (II)
Optic chiasma
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Optic tract
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Abducens nerve (VI)
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Facial nerve (VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Accessory nerve (XI)
On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny - Very Good Vehicle AnyHow
Oh, Oh, Oh - To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet - AH!
The
Real
Thing
Trigeminal
Nerve (V)
Abducens
Nerve (VI)
GlossoPharyngeal
(IX)
Vagus (X)
Accessory
Nerves (XI)
Olfactory
Bulb (I)
Optic
Nerve (II)
Oculomotor
Nerve (III)
Trochlear
Nerve (IV)
Facial Nerve
(VII)
Vestibulocochlear
Nerve (VIII)
Hypoglossal
Nerve (XII)
Human Cranial Nerves - close up
Trigeminal
Nerves (V)
Trochlear Oculomotor Nerves (III)
Nerves (IV)
Abducens
Nerves (VI)
Optic Nerves (II)
Olfactory
Tracts
Optic Chiasm
Olfactory
Bulbs (I)
F
U
N
C
T
I
O
N
S
Brain Pathologies
Ischemic Stroke
Tumor
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Objective 2:
Sheep Brain Dissection
1
Identify the
external structures
Inferior
Sheep brain structures are
the same as the human brain,
only slightly different sizes
2
Remove Dura mater (w/ pituitary gland)
Identify the external structures
Superior
1
2
Same structures as human brain, only slightly different size
Identify the external structures
Inferior
1
4
2
3
3
Pull back the cerebellum to reveal
Corpora Quadrigemina & Pineal Gland
?
4
Brainstem
Diencephalon
4
Identify the internal structures
Midsagittal
2
3
1
5
4
4
Identify the Cavities
Lateral 4
Ventricle
Fourth Ventricle
3
Cerebral2
Aqueduct
1
Third Ventricle